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Circulation Research. 2008
Published online before print September 11, 2008, doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.183236
A more recent version of this article appeared on October 10, 2008
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Right arrow Calcium cycling/excitation-contraction coupling

Submitted on July 14, 2008
Revised on August 25, 2008
Accepted on September 3, 2008

Termination of Cardiac Ca2+ Sparks Role of Intra-SR [Ca2+], Release Flux, and Intra-SR Ca2+ Diffusion

Aleksey V. Zima ; Eckard Picht ; Donald M. Bers ; and Lothar A. Blatter *

From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology (A.V.Z., L.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill; and Department of Pharmacology (E.P., D.M.B.), University of California, Davis.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Lothar_Blatter{at}rush.edu.

Ca2+ release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via ryanodine receptors (RyRs) is regulated by dyadic cleft [Ca2+] and intra-SR free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]SR). Robust SR Ca2+ release termination is important for stable excitation–contraction coupling, and partial [Ca2+]SR depletion may contribute to release termination. Here, we investigated the regulation of SR Ca2+ release termination of spontaneous local SR Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) by [Ca2+]SR, release flux, and intra-SR Ca2+ diffusion. We simultaneously measured Ca2+ sparks and Ca2+ blinks (localized elementary [Ca2+]SR depletions) in permeabilized ventricular cardiomyocytes over a wide range of SR Ca2+ loads and release fluxes. Sparks terminated via a [Ca2+]SR-dependent mechanism at a fixed [Ca2+]SR depletion threshold independent of the initial [Ca2+]SR and release flux. Ca2+ blink recovery depended mainly on intra-SR Ca2+ diffusion rather than SR Ca2+ uptake. Therefore, the large variation in Ca2+ blink recovery rates at different release sites occurred because of differences in the degree of release site interconnection within the SR network. When SR release flux was greatly reduced, long-lasting release events occurred from well-connected junctions. These junctions could sustain release because local SR Ca2+ release and [Ca2+]SR refilling reached a balance, preventing [Ca2+]SR from depleting to the termination threshold. Prolonged release events eventually terminated at a steady [Ca2+]SR, indicative of a slower, [Ca2+]SR-independent termination mechanism. These results demonstrate that there is high variability in local SR connectivity but that SR Ca2+ release terminates at a fixed [Ca2+]SR termination threshold. Thus, reliable SR Ca2+ release termination depends on tight RyR regulation by [Ca2+]SR.


Key words: heart • sarcoplasmic reticulum • Ca2+ sparks • Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release • ryanodine receptor




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