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Submitted on July 14, 2008
Revised on August 25, 2008
Accepted on September 3, 2008
From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology (A.V.Z., L.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill; and Department of Pharmacology (E.P., D.M.B.), University of California, Davis.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Lothar_Blatter{at}rush.edu.
Ca2+ release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via ryanodine receptors (RyRs) is regulated by dyadic cleft [Ca2+] and intra-SR free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]SR). Robust SR Ca2+ release termination is important for stable excitation–contraction coupling, and partial [Ca2+]SR depletion may contribute to release termination. Here, we investigated the regulation of SR Ca2+ release termination of spontaneous local SR Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) by [Ca2+]SR, release flux, and intra-SR Ca2+ diffusion. We simultaneously measured Ca2+ sparks and Ca2+ blinks (localized elementary [Ca2+]SR depletions) in permeabilized ventricular cardiomyocytes over a wide range of SR Ca2+ loads and release fluxes. Sparks terminated via a [Ca2+]SR-dependent mechanism at a fixed [Ca2+]SR depletion threshold independent of the initial [Ca2+]SR and release flux. Ca2+ blink recovery depended mainly on intra-SR Ca2+ diffusion rather than SR Ca2+ uptake. Therefore, the large variation in Ca2+ blink recovery rates at different release sites occurred because of differences in the degree of release site interconnection within the SR network. When SR release flux was greatly reduced, long-lasting release events occurred from well-connected junctions. These junctions could sustain release because local SR Ca2+ release and [Ca2+]SR refilling reached a balance, preventing [Ca2+]SR from depleting to the termination threshold. Prolonged release events eventually terminated at a steady [Ca2+]SR, indicative of a slower, [Ca2+]SR-independent termination mechanism. These results demonstrate that there is high variability in local SR connectivity but that SR Ca2+ release terminates at a fixed [Ca2+]SR termination threshold. Thus, reliable SR Ca2+ release termination depends on tight RyR regulation by [Ca2+]SR.
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