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(Circulation Research. 2005;97:135.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Molecular Medicine

Proapoptotic, Antimigratory, Antiproliferative, and Antiangiogenic Effects of Commercial C-Reactive Protein on Various Human Endothelial Cell Types In Vitro

Implications of Contaminating Presence of Sodium Azide in Commercial Preparation

Chunsheng Liu, Shaohua Wang, Arjun Deb, Karl A. Nath, Zvonimir S. Katusic, Joseph P. McConnell, Noel M. Caplice

From the Molecular Medicine Program (C.L., S.W., A.D., Z.S.K, N.M.C.), Division of Cardiovascular Diseases (C.L., S.W., A.D., N.M.C.), Division of Nephrology (K.A.N), Department of Anesthesiology, (Z.S.K.), and the Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, (J.P.M.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn.

Correspondence to Dr Noel Caplice, Guggenheim 18, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Email caplice.noel{at}mayo.edu

Recent experimental studies suggest C-reactive protein (CRP) may be a potential mediator of atherosclerosis and its complications. However, there is growing criticism of in vitro CRP studies that use commercial CRP preparations containing biologically active contaminants. The effects of commercial CRP, dialyzed commercial CRP (dCRP) to remove azide, and sodium azide (NaN₃) alone at equivalent concentrations to the undialyzed preparation were tested at varying concentrations on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), circulating endothelial outgrowth cells (EOC), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in vitro. CRP and NaN₃ alone exhibited equivalent concentration-dependent, proapoptotic effects on HUVEC, EOC, and EPC (P<0.01 versus control), whereas dCRP had no such effect. Similarly, CRP and NaN₃ alone caused equivalent concentration-dependent decreases in migration, proliferation, and matrigel tube formation (P<0.01 versus control) in EOC and HUVEC, whereas dCRP had absolutely no effect on these biological functions at any of the concentrations used. We conclude that proapoptotic, antiproliferative, antimigratory, and antiangiogenic effects of this commercial CRP preparation on a number of endothelial cell phenotypes in culture may be explained by the presence of sodium azide in this preparation. This study has implications for interpretation of in vitro studies using CRP preparations containing azide at equivalent or higher concentrations.

Key Words: CRP • sodium azide • endothelial progenitor cells • apoptosis

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