Circulation Research. 2004;95:343-353
doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000137877.89448.78
doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000137877.89448.78
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Reviews |
Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Characterization and Role in Vascular Biology
From Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Correspondence to Stefanie Dimmeler, PhD, Molecular Cardiology, Dept of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany. E-mail Dimmeler{at}em.uni-frankfurt.de
This Review is part of a thematic series on Angiogenesis, which includes the following articles:
Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Characterization and Role in Vascular Biology
Bone Marrow–Derived Cells for Enhancing Collateral Development: Mechanisms, Animal Data, and Initial Clinical Experiences
Arteriogenesis
Innate Immunity and Angiogenesis
Syndecans
Growth Factors and Blood Vessels: Differentiation and Maturation
Ralph Kelly Guest Editor
Infusion of different hematopoietic stem cell populations and ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells augments neovascularization of tissue after ischemia and contributes to reendothelialization after endothelial injury, thereby, providing a novel therapeutic option. However, controversy exists with respect to the identification and the origin of endothelial progenitor cells. Overall, there is consensus that endothelial progenitor cells can derive from the bone marrow and that CD133/VEGFR2 cells represent a population with endothelial progenitor capacity. However, increasing evidence suggests that there are additional bone marrow-derived cell populations (eg, myeloid cells, "side population" cells, and mesenchymal cells) and non-bone marrow-derived cells, which also can give rise to endothelial cells. The characterization of the different progenitor cell populations and their functional properties are discussed. Mobilization and endothelial progenitor cell-mediated neovascularization is critically regulated. Stimulatory (eg, statins and exercise) or inhibitory factors (risk factors for coronary artery disease) modulate progenitor cell levels and, thereby, affect the vascular repair capacity. Moreover, recruitment and incorporation of endothelial progenitor cells requires a coordinated sequence of multistep adhesive and signaling events including adhesion and migration (eg, by integrins), chemoattraction (eg, by SDF-1/CXCR4), and finally the differentiation to endothelial cells. This review summarizes the mechanisms regulating endothelial progenitor cell-mediated neovascularization and reendothelialization.
Key Words: progenitor cells • neovascularization • vasculogenesis • angiogenesis • endothelial cells
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M. Koyanagi, P. Bushoven, M. Iwasaki, C. Urbich, A. M. Zeiher, and S. Dimmeler Notch Signaling Contributes to the Expression of Cardiac Markers in Human Circulating Progenitor Cells Circ. Res., November 26, 2007; 101(11): 1139 - 1145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Y.K. Lee, H.-F. Tse, C.-W. Siu, S.-G. Zhu, R. Y.K. Man, and P. M. Vanhoutte Genomic Changes in Regenerated Porcine Coronary Arterial Endothelial Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2443 - 2449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Tongers and D. W. Losordo Frontiers in Nephrology: The Evolving Therapeutic Applications of Endothelial Progenitor Cells J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2007; 18(11): 2843 - 2852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. L. Ebos, C. R. Lee, J. G. Christensen, A. J. Mutsaers, and R. S. Kerbel Multiple circulating proangiogenic factors induced by sunitinib malate are tumor-independent and correlate with antitumor efficacy PNAS, October 23, 2007; 104(43): 17069 - 17074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Hur, H.-M. Yang, C.-H. Yoon, C.-S. Lee, K.-W. Park, J.-H. Kim, T.-Y. Kim, J.-Y. Kim, H.-J. Kang, I.-H. Chae, et al. Identification of a Novel Role of T Cells in Postnatal Vasculogenesis: Characterization of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Colonies Circulation, October 9, 2007; 116(15): 1671 - 1682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Li, J. C. Wu, A. Y. Sheikh, D. Kraft, F. Cao, X. Xie, M. Patel, S. S. Gambhir, R. C. Robbins, J. P. Cooke, et al. Differentiation, Survival, and Function of Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Endothelial Cells for Ischemic Heart Disease Circulation, September 11, 2007; 116(11_suppl): I-46 - I-54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Mees, S. Wagner, E. Ninci, S. Tribulova, S. Martin, R. van Haperen, S. Kostin, M. Heil, R. de Crom, and W. Schaper Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Is Essential for Vasodilation During Blood Flow Recovery but not for Arteriogenesis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2007; 27(9): 1926 - 1933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Shmilovich, V. Deutsch, A. Roth, H. Miller, G. Keren, and J. George Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cardiac syndrome X Heart, September 1, 2007; 93(9): 1071 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Wojakowski, M. Kazmierski, B. Korzeniowska, and M. Tendera Link between erythropoietin release and mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2007; 28(15): 1785 - 1786. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Levenberg, J. Zoldan, Y. Basevitch, and R. Langer Endothelial potential of human embryonic stem cells Blood, August 1, 2007; 110(3): 806 - 814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. E Westerweel, R. K M A C Luijten, I. E Hoefer, H. A Koomans, R. H W M Derksen, and M. C Verhaar Haematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells are deficient in quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus Ann Rheum Dis, July 1, 2007; 66(7): 865 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Nagano, T. Yamashita, H. Hamada, K. Ohneda, K.-i. Kimura, T. Nakagawa, M. Shibuya, H. Yoshikawa, and O. Ohneda Identification of functional endothelial progenitor cells suitable for the treatment of ischemic tissue using human umbilical cord blood Blood, July 1, 2007; 110(1): 151 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.-H. Chang, T. Chan-Ling, E. L. McFarland, A. Afzal, H. Pan, L. C. Baxter, L. C. Shaw, S. Caballero, N. Sengupta, S. L. Calzi, et al. IGF binding protein-3 regulates hematopoietic stem cell and endothelial precursor cell function during vascular development PNAS, June 19, 2007; 104(25): 10595 - 10600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. W. Raines Inflamed endothelium: an EPC adhesion kit Blood, May 15, 2007; 109(10): 4118 - 4118. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Thum, D. Fraccarollo, S. Thum, M. Schultheiss, A. Daiber, P. Wenzel, T. Munzel, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Differential Effects of Organic Nitrates on Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Determined by Oxidative Stress Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2007; 27(4): 748 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Murphy, G. S. Kanaganayagam, B. Jiang, P. J. Chowienczyk, R. Zbinden, M. Saha, S. Rahman, A. M. Shah, M. S. Marber, and M. T. Kearney Vascular Dysfunction and Reduced Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Young Healthy UK South Asian Men Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2007; 27(4): 936 - 942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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