Circulation Research. 2004;94:1168-1178
doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000127122.22685.0A
doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000127122.22685.0A
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Reviews |
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Atherogenesis
Regulators of Gene Expression in Vascular Cells
From the Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology (N.M.), University of Ulm, Germany, and UR545 INSERM (H.D., J.-C.F., B.S.), Départment d’Athérosclérose, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, France.
Correspondence to Nikolaus Marx, MD, Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. E-mail nikolaus.marx{at}medizin.uni-ulm.de
This Review is part of a thematic series on Nuclear Receptor Signaling, which includes the following articles:
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Atherogenesis: Regulators of Gene Expression in Vascular Cells
Nuclear Receptor Signaling in the Control of Cholesterol Homeostasis
Nuclear Receptor Signaling and Cardiac Energetics
Daniel Kelly Guest Editor
A large body of data gathered over the past couple of years has identified the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) 
, 
, and ß/
as transcription factors exerting modulatory actions in vascular cells. PPARs, which belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors, were originally described as gene regulators of various metabolic pathways. Although the PPAR, , and ß/ subtypes are 
60% to 80% homologous in their ligand- and DNA-binding domains, significant differences in ligand and target gene specificities are observed. PPAR is activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxidized derivatives and by lipid-modifying drugs of the fibrate family, including fenofibrate or gemfibrozil. PPAR controls expression of genes implicated in lipid metabolism. PPAR, in contrast, is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis and adipogenesis. Ligands of PPAR include naturally occurring FA derivatives, such as hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), prostaglandin derivatives such as 15-deoxy
12,14-prostaglandin J2, and glitazones, insulin-sensitizing drugs presently used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. Ligands for PPARß/ are polyunsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins, and synthetic compounds, some of which are presently in clinical development. PPARß/ stimulates fatty acid oxidation predominantly acting in muscle. All PPARs are expressed in vascular cells, where they exhibit antiinflammatory and antiatherogenic properties. In addition, studies in various animal models as well as clinical data suggest that PPAR and PPAR activators can modulate atherogenesis in vivo. At present, no data are available relating to possible effects of PPARß/ agonists on atherogenesis. Given the widespread use of PPAR and PPAR agonists in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease, the understanding of their function in the vasculature is not only of basic interest but also has important clinical implications. This review will focus on the role of PPARs in the vasculature and summarize the present understanding of their effects on atherogenesis and its cardiovascular complications.
Key Words: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors • vascular cells • arteriosclerosis • diabetes • lipid metabolism
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  N. Makino, T. Maeda, J.-i. Oyama, Y. Higuchi, and K. Mimori Improving insulin sensitivity via activation of PPAR-{gamma} increases telomerase activity in the heart of OLETF rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2009; 297(6): H2188 - H2195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-C. Tsai, L. Chen, J. Zhou, Z. Tang, T.-F. Hsu, Y. Wang, Y.-T. Shih, H.-H. Peng, N. Wang, Y. Guan, et al. Shear Stress Induces Synthetic-to-Contractile Phenotypic Modulation in Smooth Muscle Cells via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha}/{delta} Activations by Prostacyclin Released by Sheared Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., August 28, 2009; 105(5): 471 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Kim, M. Y. Kim, H. Jin, H. J. Kim, S. S. Kang, H. J. Kim, J. H. Lee, K. C. Chang, J.-Y. Hwang, C. Yabe-Nishimura, et al. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {delta} Regulates Extracellular Matrix and Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Through the Activation of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1/Smad3 Circ. Res., July 2, 2009; 105(1): 16 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Baek, M. F. McEntee, and A. M. Legendre REVIEW PAPER: Cancer Chemopreventive Compounds and Canine Cancer Vet. Pathol., July 1, 2009; 46(4): 576 - 588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Kempe, P. Heinz, E. Kokai, O. Devergne, N. Marx, and T. Wirth Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Gene-3 Is Expressed in Human Atheroma Plaques Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2009; 175(1): 440 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Jones, R. Deb, E. Torsney, F. Howe, M. Dunkley, Y. Gnaneswaran, D. Gaze, H. Nasr, I. M. Loftus, M. M. Thompson, et al. Rosiglitazone Reduces the Development and Rupture of Experimental Aortic Aneurysms Circulation, June 23, 2009; 119(24): 3125 - 3132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Bonsignore and J. Eckel Metabolic aspects of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome Eur. Respir. Rev., June 1, 2009; 18(112): 113 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-S. Lee, Y.-W. Kwon, H.-M. Yang, S.-H. Kim, T.-Y. Kim, J. Hur, K.-W. Park, H.-J. Cho, H.-J. Kang, Y.-B. Park, et al. New Mechanism of Rosiglitazone to Reduce Neointimal Hyperplasia: Activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{beta} Followed by Inhibition of MMP-9 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2009; 29(4): 472 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Vallon, E. Hummler, T. Rieg, O. Pochynyuk, V. Bugaj, J. Schroth, G. Dechenes, B. Rossier, R. Cunard, and J. Stockand Thiazolidinedione-Induced Fluid Retention Is Independent of Collecting Duct {alpha}ENaC Activity J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2009; 20(4): 721 - 729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Bulhak, C. Jung, C.-G. Ostenson, J. O. Lundberg, P.-O. Sjoquist, and J. Pernow PPAR-{alpha} activation protects the type 2 diabetic myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury: involvement of the PI3-Kinase/Akt and NO pathway Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2009; 296(3): H719 - H727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. T. Zamanian, G. Hansmann, S. Snook, D. Lilienfeld, K. M. Rappaport, G. M. Reaven, M. Rabinovitch, and R. L. Doyle Insulin resistance in pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2009; 33(2): 318 - 324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Bakhai Adipokines--targeting a root cause of cardiometabolic risk QJM, October 1, 2008; 101(10): 767 - 776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Doi, T. Sakoda, T. Akagami, T. Naka, Y. Mori, T. Tsujino, T. Masuyama, and M. Ohyanagi Aldosterone induces interleukin-18 through endothelin-1, angiotensin II, Rho/Rho-kinase, and PPARs in cardiomyocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2008; 295(3): H1279 - H1287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Ussher and G. D. Lopaschuk The malonyl CoA axis as a potential target for treating ischaemic heart disease Cardiovasc Res, July 15, 2008; 79(2): 259 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Montoudis, E. Seidman, F. Boudreau, J.-F. Beaulieu, D. Menard, M. Elchebly, G. Mailhot, A.-T. Sane, M. Lambert, E. Delvin, et al. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein regulates mitochondrion {beta}-oxidation and cholesterol uptake J. Lipid Res., May 1, 2008; 49(5): 961 - 972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Takata, J. Liu, F. Yin, A. R. Collins, C. J. Lyon, C.-H. Lee, A. R. Atkins, M. Downes, G. D. Barish, R. M. Evans, et al. PPAR{delta}-mediated antiinflammatory mechanisms inhibit angiotensin II-accelerated atherosclerosis PNAS, March 18, 2008; 105(11): 4277 - 4282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Kim, S. A. Ham, S. U. Kim, J.-Y. Hwang, J.-H. Kim, K. C. Chang, C. Yabe-Nishimura, J.-H. Kim, and H. G. Seo Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Is a Molecular Target for the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {delta} Circ. Res., February 1, 2008; 102(2): 193 - 200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Walcher, K. Hess, P. Heinz, K. Petscher, D. Vasic, U. Kintscher, M. Clemenz, M. Hartge, K. Raps, V. Hombach, et al. Telmisartan Inhibits CD4-Positive Lymphocyte Migration Independent of the Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 259 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Barter and K.-A. Rye Is There a Role for Fibrates in the Management of Dyslipidemia in the Metabolic Syndrome? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2008; 28(1): 39 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Ravaux, C. Denoyelle, C. Monne, I. Limon, M. Raymondjean, and K. El Hadri Inhibition of Interleukin-1{beta}-Induced Group IIA Secretory Phospholipase A2 Expression by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Cooperation between PPAR{beta} and the Proto-Oncogene BCL-6 Mol. Cell. Biol., December 1, 2007; 27(23): 8374 - 8387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. F. Essop Cardiac metabolic adaptations in response to chronic hypoxia J. Physiol., November 1, 2007; 584(3): 715 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Tordjman, C. F. Semenkovich, T. Coleman, R. Yudovich, S. Bak, E. Osher, M. Vechoropoulos, and N. Stern Absence of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} Abolishes Hypertension and Attenuates Atherosclerosis in the Tsukuba Hypertensive Mouse Hypertension, November 1, 2007; 50(5): 945 - 951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Schindler Review: The metabolic syndrome as an endocrine disease: is there an effective pharmacotherapeutic strategy optimally targeting the pathogenesis? Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, October 1, 2007; 1(1): 7 - 26. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Werner, C. H. Kamani, C. Gensch, M. Bohm, and U. Laufs The Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-{gamma} Agonist Pioglitazone Increases Number and Function of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Normal Glucose Tolerance Diabetes, October 1, 2007; 56(10): 2609 - 2615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. E Ratner, S. Parikh, and C. Tou Efficacy, safety and tolerability of tesaglitazar when added to the therapeutic regimen of poorly controlled insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, September 1, 2007; 4(3): 214 - 221. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Sorrentino, F. H. Bahlmann, C. Besler, M. Muller, S. Schulz, N. Kirchhoff, C. Doerries, T. Horvath, A. Limbourg, F. Limbourg, et al. Oxidant Stress Impairs In Vivo Reendothelialization Capacity of Endothelial Progenitor Cells From Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Restoration by the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Agonist Rosiglitazone Circulation, July 10, 2007; 116(2): 163 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Pozzi, M. R. Ibanez, A. E. Gatica, S. Yang, S. Wei, S. Mei, J. R. Falck, and J. H. Capdevila Peroxisomal Proliferator-activated Receptor-{alpha}-dependent Inhibition of Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Tumorigenesis J. Biol. Chem., June 15, 2007; 282(24): 17685 - 17695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Kronke, A. Kadl, E. Ikonomu, S. Bluml, A. Furnkranz, I. J. Sarembock, V. N. Bochkov, M. Exner, B. R. Binder, and N. Leitinger Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Human Vascular Cells Is Regulated by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1276 - 1282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Nakamachi, T. Nomiyama, F. Gizard, E. B. Heywood, K. L. Jones, Y. Zhao, L. Fuentes, K. Takebayashi, Y. Aso, B. Staels, et al. PPAR{alpha} Agonists Suppress Osteopontin Expression in Macrophages and Decrease Plasma Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, June 1, 2007; 56(6): 1662 - 1670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S. Elton and M. M. Martin Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Gene Regulation: Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Mechanisms Hypertension, May 1, 2007; 49(5): 953 - 961. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Hansmann, R. A. Wagner, S. Schellong, V. A. de Jesus Perez, T. Urashima, L. Wang, A. Y. Sheikh, R. S. Suen, D. J. Stewart, and M. Rabinovitch Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Is Linked to Insulin Resistance and Reversed by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Activation Circulation, March 13, 2007; 115(10): 1275 - 1284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ptasinska, S. Wang, J. Zhang, R. A. Wesley, and R. L. Danner Nitric oxide activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma through a p38 MAPK signaling pathway FASEB J, March 1, 2007; 21(3): 950 - 961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Sharma and B. Staels Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} and Adipose Tissue--Understanding Obesity-Related Changes in Regulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 386 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Brown and J. Plutzky Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors as Transcriptional Nodal Points and Therapeutic Targets Circulation, January 30, 2007; 115(4): 518 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Michalik, J. Auwerx, J. P. Berger, V. K. Chatterjee, C. K. Glass, F. J. Gonzalez, P. A. Grimaldi, T. Kadowaki, M. A. Lazar, S. O'Rahilly, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2006; 58(4): 726 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Y. Ng, C. Morisseau, J. R. Falck, B. D. Hammock, and D. L. Kroetz Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Proliferation by Urea-Based Alkanoic Acids via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha}-Dependent Repression of Cyclin D1 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2006; 26(11): 2462 - 2468. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. M. Zadelaar, L. S.M. Boesten, J. W. Jukema, B. J.M. van Vlijmen, T. Kooistra, J. J. Emeis, E. Lundholm, G. Camejo, and L. M. Havekes Dual PPAR{alpha}/{gamma} Agonist Tesaglitazar Reduces Atherosclerosis in Insulin-Resistant and Hypercholesterolemic ApoE*3Leiden Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2006; 26(11): 2560 - 2566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Umeji, S. Umemoto, S. Itoh, M. Tanaka, S. Kawahara, T. Fukai, and M. Matsuzaki Comparative effects of pitavastatin and probucol on oxidative stress, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, PPAR-{gamma}, and aortic stiffness in hypercholesterolemia Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): H2522 - H2532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Gilde, J.-C. Fruchart, and B. Staels Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors at the Crossroads of Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 27, 2006; 48(9_Suppl_A): A24 - A32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. I. Bonta, C. M. van Tiel, M. Vos, T. W.H. Pols, J. V. van Thienen, V. Ferreira, E. K. Arkenbout, J. Seppen, C. A. Spek, T. van der Poll, et al. Nuclear Receptors Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR-1 Expressed in Atherosclerotic Lesion Macrophages Reduce Lipid Loading and Inflammatory Responses Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2006; 26(10): 2288 - 2288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ferrante, B. S. Robinson, H. Singh, H. P.A. Jersmann, J. V. Ferrante, Z. H. Huang, N. A. Trout, M. J. Pitt, D. A. Rathjen, C. J. Easton, et al. A Novel {beta}-Oxa Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Downregulates the Activation of the I{kappa}B Kinase/Nuclear Factor {kappa}B Pathway, Inhibits Expression of Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules, and Depresses Inflammation Circ. Res., July 7, 2006; 99(1): 34 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Lalloyer, B. Vandewalle, F. Percevault, G. Torpier, J. Kerr-Conte, M. Oosterveer, R. Paumelle, J.-C. Fruchart, F. Kuipers, F. Pattou, et al. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha} Improves Pancreatic Adaptation to Insulin Resistance in Obese Mice and Reduces Lipotoxicity in Human Islets Diabetes, June 1, 2006; 55(6): 1605 - 1613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Sourij, R. Zweiker, and T. C. Wascher Effects of Pioglitazone on Endothelial Function, Insulin Sensitivity, and Glucose Control in Subjects With Coronary Artery Disease and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, May 1, 2006; 29(5): 1039 - 1045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Zahradka, B. Wright, M. Fuerst, N. Yurkova, K. Molnar, and C. G. Taylor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha} and {gamma} Ligands Differentially Affect Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2006; 317(2): 651 - 659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Lee, J. Frischer, A. Serur, J. Huang, J.-O Bae, Z. N. Kornfield, L. Eljuga, C. J. Shawber, N. Feirt, M. Mansukhani, et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 disrupts tumor vascular mural cell recruitment and survival signaling. Cancer Res., April 15, 2006; 66(8): 4378 - 4384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Ogawa, T. Nomiyama, T. Nakamachi, E. B. Heywood, J. F. Stone, J. P. Berger, R. E. Law, and D. Bruemmer Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Suppresses Telomerase Activity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circ. Res., April 14, 2006; 98(7): e50 - e59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Meisner, D. Walcher, F. Gizard, X. Kapfer, R. Huber, A. Noak, L. Sunder-Plassmann, H. Bach, C. Haug, M. Bachem, et al. Effect of Rosiglitazone Treatment on Plaque Inflammation and Collagen Content in Nondiabetic Patients: Data From a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2006; 26(4): 845 - 850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Wright, F. J. Schopfer, P. R. S. Baker, V. Vidyasagar, P. Powell, P. Chumley, K. E. Iles, B. A. Freeman, and A. Agarwal Fatty acid transduction of nitric oxide signaling: Nitrolinoleic acid potently activates endothelial heme oxygenase 1 expression. PNAS, March 14, 2006; 103(11): 4299 - 4304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. G. Kim, O. H. Ryu, H. Y. Kim, K. W. Lee, J. A Seo, N. H. Kim, K. M. Choi, J. Lee, S. H. Baik, and D. S. Choi Effect of rosiglitazone on plasma adiponectin levels and arterial stiffness in subjects with prediabetes or non-diabetic metabolic syndrome. Eur. J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2006; 154(3): 433 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Paumelle, C. Blanquart, O. Briand, O. Barbier, C. Duhem, G. Woerly, F. Percevault, J.-C. Fruchart, D. Dombrowicz, C. Glineur, et al. Acute Antiinflammatory Properties of Statins Involve Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} via Inhibition of the Protein Kinase C Signaling Pathway Circ. Res., February 17, 2006; 98(3): 361 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Campia, L. A. Matuskey, and J. A. Panza Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Activation With Pioglitazone Improves Endothelium-Dependent Dilation in Nondiabetic Patients With Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 867 - 875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Han and J. Roman Rosiglitazone suppresses human lung carcinoma cell growth through PPAR{gamma}-dependent and PPAR{gamma}-independent signal pathways. Mol. Cancer Ther., February 1, 2006; 5(2): 430 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Soller, A. Tautenhahn, B. Brune, K. Zacharowski, S. John, H. Link, and A. von Knethen Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} contributes to T lymphocyte apoptosis during sepsis J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2006; 79(1): 235 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. S. Baker, Y. Lin, F. J. Schopfer, S. R. Woodcock, A. L. Groeger, C. Batthyany, S. Sweeney, M. H. Long, K. E. Iles, L. M. S. Baker, et al. Fatty Acid Transduction of Nitric Oxide Signaling: MULTIPLE NITRATED UNSATURATED FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES EXIST IN HUMAN BLOOD AND URINE AND SERVE AS ENDOGENOUS PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR LIGANDS J. Biol. Chem., December 23, 2005; 280(51): 42464 - 42475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Barandier, J.-P. Montani, and Z. Yang Mature adipocytes and perivascular adipose tissue stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation: effects of aging and obesity Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): H1807 - H1813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Marx, J. Wohrle, T. Nusser, D. Walcher, A. Rinker, V. Hombach, W. Koenig, and M. Hoher Pioglitazone Reduces Neointima Volume After Coronary Stent Implantation: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial in Nondiabetic Patients Circulation, November 1, 2005; 112(18): 2792 - 2798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Hennuyer, A. Tailleux, G. Torpier, H. Mezdour, J.-C. Fruchart, B. Staels, and C. Fievet PPAR{alpha}, but not PPAR{gamma}, Activators Decrease Macrophage-Laden Atherosclerotic Lesions in a Nondiabetic Mouse Model of Mixed Dyslipidemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2005; 25(9): 1897 - 1902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hetzel, B. Balletshofer, K. Rittig, D. Walcher, W. Kratzer, V. Hombach, H.-U. Haring, W. Koenig, and N. Marx Rapid Effects of Rosiglitazone Treatment on Endothelial Function and Inflammatory Biomarkers Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2005; 25(9): 1804 - 1809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Staels and J.-C. Fruchart Therapeutic Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists Diabetes, August 1, 2005; 54(8): 2460 - 2470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Nasrallah and R. L. Hebert Prostacyclin signaling in the kidney: implications for health and disease Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): F235 - F246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Schiffrin More Evidence of Cardiorenal Protective Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Activation Hypertension, August 1, 2005; 46(2): 267 - 268. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Hamerman Osteoporosis and atherosclerosis: biological linkages and the emergence of dual-purpose therapies QJM, July 1, 2005; 98(7): 467 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Cariou, J.-C. Fruchart, and B. Staels Review: Vascular protective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, May 1, 2005; 5(3): 126 - 132. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-H. Kim, K. Yamaguchi, S.-H. Lee, P. K. Tithof, G. S. Sayler, J.-H. Yoon, and S. J. Baek Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Activation of Early Growth Response-1 and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors Toxicol. Sci., May 1, 2005; 85(1): 585 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. C. Blaxall, J. M. Miano, and B. C. Berk Angiotensin II: A Devious Activator of Mineralocorticoid Receptor-Dependent Gene Expression Circ. Res., April 1, 2005; 96(6): 610 - 611. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Schiffrin Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and cardiovascular remodeling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1037 - H1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Schopfer, Y. Lin, P. R. S. Baker, T. Cui, M. Garcia-Barrio, J. Zhang, K. Chen, Y. E. Chen, and B. A. Freeman Nitrolinoleic acid: An endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} ligand PNAS, February 15, 2005; 102(7): 2340 - 2345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. J. Kullo and C. M. Ballantyne Conditional Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2005; 80(2): 219 - 230. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. Moreno and V. Fuster The year in atherothrombosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 7, 2004; 44(11): 2099 - 2110. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Walcher and N. Marx Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease: the role of PPAR{gamma} activators beyond their anti-diabetic action Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, October 1, 2004; 1(2): 76 - 81. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Ory Nuclear Receptor Signaling in the Control of Cholesterol Homeostasis: Have the Orphans Found a Home? Circ. Res., October 1, 2004; 95(7): 660 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Marx, D. Walcher, N. Ivanova, K. Rautzenberg, A. Jung, R. Friedl, V. Hombach, R. de Caterina, G. Basta, M.-P. Wautier, et al. Thiazolidinediones Reduce Endothelial Expression of Receptors for Advanced Glycation End Products Diabetes, October 1, 2004; 53(10): 2662 - 2668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|