This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Blake, G. J. Articles by Ridker, P. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Blake, G. J. Articles by Ridker, P. M. Pubmed/NCBI databases Substance via MeSH Medline Plus Health Information Vasculitis Related Collections Pathophysiology Risk Factors Arterial thrombosis Epidemiology

(Circulation Research. 2001;89:763.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.

Reviews

Novel Clinical Markers of Vascular Wall Inflammation

Gavin J. Blake, Paul M. Ridker

From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and the Leducq Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.

Correspondence to Dr Paul M. Ridker, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave East, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail pridker{at}partners.org

Abstract

Inflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and mediate many of the stages of atheroma development from initial leukocyte recruitment to eventual rupture of the unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Elevated plasma levels of several markers of the inflammatory cascade have been shown to predict future risk of plaque rupture. These markers include P-selectin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Produced in the liver in response to interleukin-6, CRP has emerged as the most powerful inflammatory marker of future cardiovascular risk. Initially considered an innocent bystander in the atherosclerotic process, recent evidence suggests that CRP may have direct proinflammatory effects. Numerous large-scale, prospective studies have found that elevated baseline levels of CRP are a strong independent predictor of future vascular risk. Furthermore, aspirin and statin therapy appear to be particularly effective among individuals with high CRP levels. The addition of CRP screening to traditional lipid testing has the potential to identify individuals at high risk for future cardiovascular events who may benefit from targeted preventive interventions.

Key Words: inflammation • risk factors • atherosclerosis

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. Asghar, G. Chugh, and M. F. Lokhandwala Inflammation compromises renal dopamine D1 receptor function in rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 2009; 297(6): F1543 - F1549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Schaap, S. M. F. Pluijm, D. J. H. Deeg, T. B. Harris, S. B. Kritchevsky, A. B. Newman, L. H. Colbert, M. Pahor, S. M. Rubin, F. A. Tylavsky, et al. Higher Inflammatory Marker Levels in Older Persons: Associations With 5-Year Change in Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, November 1, 2009; 64A(11): 1183 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Hao, L. Wang, and H. Tang Vascular endothelial growth factor induces protein kinase D-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): C821 - C827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. W.F. Wilson, M. Pencina, P. Jacques, J. Selhub, R. D'Agostino Sr, and C. J. O'Donnell C-Reactive Protein and Reclassification of Cardiovascular Risk in the Framingham Heart Study Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, November 1, 2008; 1(2): 92 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-f. Cheung, G.-y. Huang, S.-b. Chen, X.-q. Liu, L. Xi, X.-c. Liang, M.-r. Huang, S. Chen, L.-s. Huang, X.-q. Liu, et al. Inflammatory Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Kawasaki Disease and Its Arterial Sequelae Pediatrics, September 1, 2008; 122(3): e608 - e614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Galinanes, M. James, V. Codd, A. Baxi, and L. Hadjinikolaou TNF-alpha gene promoter polymorphism at nucleotide -308 and the inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by cardiac surgery: role of heart failure and medical treatment. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2008; 34(2): 332 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Okamoto, E. J. Folco, M. Minami, A.K. Wara, M. W. Feinberg, G. K. Sukhova, R. A. Colvin, S. Kihara, T. Funahashi, A. D. Luster, et al. Adiponectin Inhibits the Production of CXC Receptor 3 Chemokine Ligands in Macrophages and Reduces T-Lymphocyte Recruitment in Atherogenesis Circ. Res., February 1, 2008; 102(2): 218 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Akalin, O. Alatas, and O. Colak Relation of plasma homocysteine levels to atherosclerotic vascular disease and inflammation markers in type 2 diabetic patients Eur. J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2008; 158(1): 47 - 52. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Plat, A. Jellema, J. Ramakers, and R. P. Mensink Weight Loss, but Not Fish Oil Consumption, Improves Fasting and Postprandial Serum Lipids, Markers of Endothelial Function, and Inflammatory Signatures in Moderately Obese Men J. Nutr., December 1, 2007; 137(12): 2635 - 2640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Srinivasan Ischaemic heart disease in men Heart, November 1, 2007; 93(11): 1471 - 1471. [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Verbeke, W. Van Biesen, P. Peeters, L. M. Van Bortel, and R. C. Vanholder Arterial stiffness and wave reflections in renal transplant recipients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., October 1, 2007; 22(10): 3021 - 3027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. C. Dupasquier, E. Dibrov, A. L. Kneesh, P. K. M. Cheung, K. G. Y. Lee, H. K. Alexander, B. K. Yeganeh, M. H. Moghadasian, and G. N. Pierce Dietary flaxseed inhibits atherosclerosis in the LDL receptor-deficient mouse in part through antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): H2394 - H2402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Parolari, M. Camera, F. Alamanni, M. Naliato, G. L. Polvani, M. Agrifoglio, M. Brambilla, C. Biancardi, L. Mussoni, P. Biglioli, et al. Systemic Inflammation After On-Pump and Off-Pump Coronary Bypass Surgery: A One-Month Follow-Up Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 2007; 84(3): 823 - 828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Basili, G. Pacini, M. T. Guagnano, M. R. Manigrasso, F. Santilli, C. Pettinella, G. Ciabattoni, C. Patrono, and G. Davi Insulin Resistance as a Determinant of Platelet Activation in Obese Women J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 19, 2006; 48(12): 2531 - 2538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Zhu, G. Su, and Q. H. Meng Inhibitory Effects of Micronized Fenofibrate on Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Essential Hypertension Clin. Chem., November 1, 2006; 52(11): 2036 - 2042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Mayr, J. Zhang, A. S. Greene, D. Gutterman, J. Perloff, and P. Ping Proteomics-based Development of Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanistic, Clinical, and Therapeutic Insights Mol. Cell. Proteomics, October 1, 2006; 5(10): 1853 - 1864. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Suzuki, M. Saito, T. Nagai, H. Saeki, and Y. Kazatani Systemic Versus Coronary Levels of Inflammation in Acute Coronary Syndromes Angiology, August 1, 2006; 57(4): 459 - 463. [Abstract] [PDF]

				T Kilic, D Ural, E Ural, Z Yumuk, A Agacdiken, T Sahin, G Kahraman, G Kozdag, A Vural, and B Komsuoglu Relation between proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios and long-term prognosis in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome Heart, August 1, 2006; 92(8): 1041 - 1046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. B. Goldfine, J. A. Beckman, R. A. Betensky, H. Devlin, S. Hurley, N. Varo, U. Schonbeck, M. E. Patti, and M. A. Creager Family History of Diabetes Is a Major Determinant of Endothelial Function J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 20, 2006; 47(12): 2456 - 2461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A Nettleton, L. M Steffen, E. J Mayer-Davis, N. S Jenny, R. Jiang, D. M Herrington, and D. R Jacobs Jr Dietary patterns are associated with biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): 1369 - 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. de Jager, J. M. Dekker, A. Kooy, P. J. Kostense, G. Nijpels, R. J. Heine, L. M. Bouter, and C. D.A. Stehouwer Endothelial Dysfunction and Low-Grade Inflammation Explain Much of the Excess Cardiovascular Mortality in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: The Hoorn Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2006; 26(5): 1086 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. G. Futterman and L. Lemberg Regular Physical Exercise Reduces Cardiovascular Risks Am. J. Crit. Care., January 1, 2006; 15(1): 99 - 102. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Rothenbacher, S. Muller-Scholze, C. Herder, W. Koenig, and H. Kolb Differential Expression of Chemokines, Risk of Stable Coronary Heart Disease, and Correlation with Established Cardiovascular Risk Markers Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2006; 26(1): 194 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ryan, C. T. Taylor, and W. T. McNicholas Selective Activation of Inflammatory Pathways by Intermittent Hypoxia in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Circulation, October 25, 2005; 112(17): 2660 - 2667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. De Servi, M. Mariani, G. Mariani, and A. Mazzone C-Reactive Protein Increase in Unstable Coronary Disease: Cause or Effect? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 18, 2005; 46(8): 1496 - 1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Fuster, P. R. Moreno, Z. A. Fayad, R. Corti, and J. J. Badimon Atherothrombosis and High-Risk Plaque: Part I: Evolving Concepts J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 20, 2005; 46(6): 937 - 954. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Rothenbacher, H. Brenner, W. Marz, and W. Koenig Adiponectin, risk of coronary heart disease and correlations with cardiovascular risk markers Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2005; 26(16): 1640 - 1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Intensive Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin on Inflammation and Coagulation in Participants With Impaired Glucose Tolerance Diabetes, May 1, 2005; 54(5): 1566 - 1572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P.-C. Lee, I-C. Ho, and T.-C. Lee Oxidative Stress Mediates Sodium Arsenite-Induced Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, and Interleukin-6 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Toxicol. Sci., May 1, 2005; 85(1): 541 - 550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Diamant, H. J. Lamb, M. A. van de Ree, E. L. Endert, Y. Groeneveld, M. L. Bots, P. J. Kostense, and J. K. Radder The Association between Abdominal Visceral Fat and Carotid Stiffness Is Mediated by Circulating Inflammatory Markers in Uncomplicated Type 2 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1495 - 1501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Y. Park, J. H. Lee, Y. K. Kim, C. D. Kim, B. Y. Rhim, W. S. Lee, and K. W. Hong Cilostazol Prevents Remnant Lipoprotein Particle-Induced Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells by Suppression of Adhesion Molecules and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression via Lectin-Like Receptor for Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Activation J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 2005; 312(3): 1241 - 1248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Tedgui The role of inflammation in atherothrombosis: implications for clinical practice Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2005; 10(1): 45 - 53. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. W. Lee, G. Y. H. Lip, M. Tayebjee, W. Foster, and A. D. Blann Circulating endothelial cells, von Willebrand factor, interleukin-6, and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes Blood, January 15, 2005; 105(2): 526 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Mitani, H. Sawada, H. Hayakawa, K. Aoki, H. Ohashi, M. Matsumura, K. Kuroe, H. Shimpo, M. Nakano, and Y. Komada Elevated Levels of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Serum Amyloid-A Late After Kawasaki Disease: Association Between Inflammation and Late Coronary Sequelae in Kawasaki Disease Circulation, January 4, 2005; 111(1): 38 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Sanz-Rosa, M. P. Oubina, E. Cediel, N. de las Heras, O. Vegazo, J. Jimenez, V. Lahera, and V. Cachofeiro Effect of AT1 receptor antagonism on vascular and circulating inflammatory mediators in SHR: role of NF-{kappa}B/I{kappa}B system Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): H111 - H115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Okapcova and D. Gabor The Levels of Soluble Adhesion Molecules in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia and the Effect of Ciprofibrate Therapy Angiology, November 1, 2004; 55(6): 629 - 639. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Okapcova and D. Gabor The Levels of Soluble Adhesion Molecules in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia and the Effect of Ciprofibrate Therapy Angiology, November 1, 2004; 55(6): 629 - 639. [Abstract] [PDF]

				Y F Cheung, M H K Ho, S C F Tam, and T C Yung Increased high sensitivity C reactive protein concentrations and increased arterial stiffness in children with a history of Kawasaki disease Heart, November 1, 2004; 90(11): 1281 - 1285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-F. Chen, W.-C. Tsai, C.-C. Lin, L.-Y. Tsai, C.-S. Lee, C.-H. Huang, P.-C. Pan, and M.-L. Chen Effect of leukocyte depletion on endothelial cell activation and transendothelial migration of leukocytes during cardiopulmonary bypass Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2004; 78(2): 634 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Melamed, A. Shirom, S. Toker, S. Berliner, and I. Shapira Association of Fear of Terror With Low-Grade Inflammation Among Apparently Healthy Employed Adults Psychosom Med, July 1, 2004; 66(4): 484 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Esposito, F. Giugliano, C. Di Palo, G. Giugliano, R. Marfella, F. D'Andrea, M. D'Armiento, and D. Giugliano Effect of Lifestyle Changes on Erectile Dysfunction in Obese Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, June 23, 2004; 291(24): 2978 - 2984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Davignon Beneficial Cardiovascular Pleiotropic Effects of Statins Circulation, June 15, 2004; 109(23_suppl_1): III-39 - III-43. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. J Baer, J. T Judd, B. A Clevidence, and R. P Tracy Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: a randomized crossover study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 969 - 973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Festa, R. D'Agostino Jr., A. J.G. Hanley, A. J. Karter, M. F. Saad, and S. M. Haffner Differences in Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Subjects With Isolated Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Isolated Impaired Fasting Glucose Diabetes, June 1, 2004; 53(6): 1549 - 1555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Yasmin, C. M. McEniery, S. Wallace, I. S. Mackenzie, J. R. Cockcroft, and I. B. Wilkinson C-Reactive Protein Is Associated With Arterial Stiffness in Apparently Healthy Individuals Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2004; 24(5): 969 - 974. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. Waehre, A. Yndestad, C. Smith, T. Haug, S. H. Tunheim, L. Gullestad, S. S. Froland, A. G. Semb, P. Aukrust, and J. K. Damas Increased Expression of Interleukin-1 in Coronary Artery Disease With Downregulatory Effects of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Circulation, April 27, 2004; 109(16): 1966 - 1972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Arroyo-Espliguero, P. Avanzas, J. Cosin-Sales, G. Aldama, C. Pizzi, and J. C. Kaski C-reactive protein elevation and disease activity in patients with coronary artery disease Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2004; 25(5): 401 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Aviles, D. O. Martin, C. Apperson-Hansen, P. L. Houghtaling, P. Rautaharju, R. A. Kronmal, R. P. Tracy, D. R. Van Wagoner, B. M. Psaty, M. S. Lauer, et al. Inflammation as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, December 16, 2003; 108(24): 3006 - 3010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Tatsumi, C. Cohade, Y. Nakamoto, and R. L. Wahl Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in the Aortic Wall at PET/CT: Possible Finding for Active Atherosclerosis Radiology, December 1, 2003; 229(3): 831 - 837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. Sidhu, D. Cowan, and J.-C. Kaski The effects of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, on markers of endothelial cell activation, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels in non-diabetic coronary artery disease patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 19, 2003; 42(10): 1757 - 1763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Nikander, M. Metsa-Heikkila, A. Tiitinen, and O. Ylikorkala Evidence of a Lack of Effect of a Phytoestrogen Regimen on the Levels of C-Reactive Protein, E-Selectin, and Nitrate in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5180 - 5185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J. Blake and P. M. Ridker C-reactive protein: a surrogate risk marker or mediator of atherothrombosis? Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): R1250 - R1252. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Verma and E. T. H. Yeh C-reactive protein and atherothrombosis--Beyond a biomarker: an actual partaker of lesion formation Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): R1253 - R1256. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. E. Szmitko, C.-H. Wang, R. D. Weisel, J. R. de Almeida, T. J. Anderson, and S. Verma New Markers of Inflammation and Endothelial Cell Activation: Part I Circulation, October 21, 2003; 108(16): 1917 - 1923. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Festa, A. J.G. Hanley, R. P. Tracy, R. D'Agostino Jr, and S. M. Haffner Inflammation in the Prediabetic State Is Related to Increased Insulin Resistance Rather Than Decreased Insulin Secretion Circulation, October 14, 2003; 108(15): 1822 - 1830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. P. Miller, Y.-F. Chen, D. Xing, W. Feng, and S. Oparil Hormone Replacement Therapy and Inflammation: Interactions in Cardiovascular Disease Hypertension, October 1, 2003; 42(4): 657 - 663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. L. Schiffrin and R. M. Touyz Multiple actions of angiotensin II in hypertension: benefits of AT1 receptor blockade J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 3, 2003; 42(5): 911 - 913. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, A. L. Gomez, T. P. Scheett, and W. J. Kraemer An Isoenergetic Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Improves Serum HDL Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations, the Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Postprandial Lipemic Responses Compared with a Low Fat Diet in Normal Weight, Normolipidemic Women J. Nutr., September 1, 2003; 133(9): 2756 - 2761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Amar, N. Gokce, S. Morgan, M. Loukideli, T. E. Van Dyke, and J. A. Vita Periodontal Disease Is Associated With Brachial Artery Endothelial Dysfunction and Systemic Inflammation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2003; 23(7): 1245 - 1249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Pu, M. F. Neves, A. Virdis, R. M. Touyz, and E. L. Schiffrin Endothelin Antagonism on Aldosterone-Induced Oxidative Stress and Vascular Remodeling Hypertension, July 1, 2003; 42(1): 49 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. P. Burke, R. Virmani, Z. Galis, C. C. Haudenschild, and J. E. Muller Task force #2--what is the pathologic basis for new atherosclerosis imaging techniques? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 4, 2003; 41(11): 1874 - 1886. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Rothenbacher, A. Hoffmeister, H. Brenner, and W. Koenig Physical Activity, Coronary Heart Disease, and Inflammatory Response Arch Intern Med, May 26, 2003; 163(10): 1200 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Schachter Review: Lipid lowering drugs, inflammation and cardiovascular disease The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, May 1, 2003; 3(3): 178 - 182. [Abstract] [PDF]

				T. C. McCowan and J. F. Eidt Angioplasty, C-reactive Protein, and the Patient at Risk Radiology, May 1, 2003; 227(2): 314 - 315. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Esposito, A. Pontillo, C. Di Palo, G. Giugliano, M. Masella, R. Marfella, and D. Giugliano Effect of Weight Loss and Lifestyle Changes on Vascular Inflammatory Markers in Obese Women: A Randomized Trial JAMA, April 9, 2003; 289(14): 1799 - 1804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-H. Wang, S.-H. Li, R. D. Weisel, P. W.M. Fedak, A. S. Dumont, P. Szmitko, R.-K. Li, D. A.G. Mickle, and S. Verma C-Reactive Protein Upregulates Angiotensin Type 1 Receptors in Vascular Smooth Muscle Circulation, April 8, 2003; 107(13): 1783 - 1790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Mayr, S. Kiechl, M. A. Mendall, J. Willeit, G. Wick, and Q. Xu Increased Risk of Atherosclerosis Is Confined to CagA-Positive Helicobacter pylori Strains: Prospective Results From the Bruneck Study Stroke, March 1, 2003; 34(3): 610 - 615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J. Blake and P. M. Ridker C-reactive protein and other inflammatory risk markers in acute coronary syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 37S - 42S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Ouchi, S. Kihara, T. Funahashi, T. Nakamura, M. Nishida, M. Kumada, Y. Okamoto, K. Ohashi, H. Nagaretani, K. Kishida, et al. Reciprocal Association of C-Reactive Protein With Adiponectin in Blood Stream and Adipose Tissue Circulation, February 11, 2003; 107(5): 671 - 674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M Ridker Clinical Application of C-Reactive Protein for Cardiovascular Disease Detection and Prevention Circulation, January 28, 2003; 107(3): 363 - 369. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Kleemann, P. P. Gervois, L. Verschuren, B. Staels, H. M. G. Princen, and T. Kooistra Fibrates down-regulate IL-1-stimulated C-reactive protein gene expression in hepatocytes by reducing nuclear p50-NFkappa B-C/EBP-beta complex formation Blood, January 15, 2003; 101(2): 545 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. J. Schoen and R. F. Padera Jr. Cardiac Surgical Pathology Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 119 - 185. [Full Text]

				L. Sternik, S. Samee, H. V. Schaff, K. J. Zehr, L. O. Lerman, D. R. Holmes, J. Herrmann, and A. Lerman C-Reactive Protein Relaxes Human Vessels In Vitro Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2002; 22(11): 1865 - 1868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Hurlimann, A. Forster, G. Noll, F. Enseleit, R. Chenevard, O. Distler, M. Bechir, L. E. Spieker, M. Neidhart, B. A. Michel, et al. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Treatment Improves Endothelial Function in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Circulation, October 22, 2002; 106(17): 2184 - 2187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Li, P. Junk, A. Huwiler, C. Burkhardt, T. Wallerath, J. Pfeilschifter, and U. Forstermann Dual Effect of Ceramide on Human Endothelial Cells: Induction of Oxidative Stress and Transcriptional Upregulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Circulation, October 22, 2002; 106(17): 2250 - 2256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. Cooke and R. K. Oka Does Leptin Cause Vascular Disease? Circulation, October 8, 2002; 106(15): 1904 - 1905. [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J. Blake and P. M. Ridker C-Reactive Protein, Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1512 - 1513. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Hazen and G. M. Chisolm Oxidized phosphatidylcholines: Pattern recognition ligands for multiple pathways of the innate immune response PNAS, October 1, 2002; 99(20): 12515 - 12517. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M.-K. Chang, C. J. Binder, M. Torzewski, and J. L. Witztum From the Cover: C-reactive protein binds to both oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells through recognition of a common ligand: Phosphorylcholine of oxidized phospholipids PNAS, October 1, 2002; 99(20): 13043 - 13048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. G. Futterman and L. Lemberg High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Is the Most Effective Prognostic Measurement of Acute Coronary Events Am. J. Crit. Care., September 1, 2002; 11(5): 482 - 486. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Verma, C.-H. Wang, S.-H. Li, A. S. Dumont, P. W.M. Fedak, M. V. Badiwala, B. Dhillon, R. D. Weisel, R.-K. Li, D. A.G. Mickle, et al. A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: C-Reactive Protein Attenuates Nitric Oxide Production and Inhibits Angiogenesis Circulation, August 20, 2002; 106(8): 913 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Blankenberg, L. Tiret, C. Bickel, D. Peetz, F. Cambien, J. Meyer, H. J. Rupprecht, and for the AtheroGene Investigators Interleukin-18 Is a Strong Predictor of Cardiovascular Death in Stable and Unstable Angina Circulation, July 2, 2002; 106(1): 24 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Grundy Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Coronary Atherosclerosis Circulation, June 11, 2002; 105(23): 2696 - 2698. [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Loftus and M. Thompson The role of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular disease Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2002; 7(2): 117 - 133. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Verma, S.-H. Li, M. V. Badiwala, R. D. Weisel, P. W.M. Fedak, R.-K. Li, B. Dhillon, and D. A.G. Mickle Endothelin Antagonism and Interleukin-6 Inhibition Attenuate the Proatherogenic Effects of C-Reactive Protein Circulation, April 23, 2002; 105(16): 1890 - 1896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]