Circulation Research. 2001;88:1020-1027
Published online before print May 10, 2001, doi: 10.1161/hh1001.090858
Published online before print May 10, 2001, doi: 10.1161/hh1001.090858
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© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Molecular Medicine |
Myocardial Akt Activation and Gender
Increased Nuclear Activity in Females Versus Males
From the Divisions of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology (D.C.-K., S.W., A.W., I.S., M.A.S.) and Clinical Mass Spectrometry (K.D.R.S.), The Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio; Biosource International (E.S.), Hopkinton, Mass; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.K., P.A.), New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.
Correspondence to Dr Mark A. Sussman, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Children’s Hospital and Research Foundation, Room 3033, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229. E-mail sussman{at}heart.chmcc.org
Abstract—Cardiovascular disease risk is higher in men than women, but the basis for this discrepancy remains controversial. Estrogenic stimulation of the myocardium or isolated cardiomyocytes has been purported to exert multiple beneficial effects associated with inhibition of maladaptive responses to pathogenic insults. This report describes a significant difference between the sexes in myocardial activation of Akt, a protein kinase that regulates a broad range of physiological responses including metabolism, gene transcription, and cell survival. We find that young women possess higher levels of nuclear-localized phospho-Akt473 relative to comparably aged men or postmenopausal women. Both localization of phospho-Akt473 in myocardial nuclei of sexually mature female mice versus males and Akt kinase activity in nuclear extracts of hearts from female mice versus males are elevated. Cytosolic localization of phospho-forkhead, a downstream nuclear target of Akt, is also increased in female relative to male mice, suggesting a potential mechanism for cardioprotective nuclear signaling resulting from Akt activation. Phospho-Akt473 levels and localization at cardiac nuclei are similarly increased in transgenic mice with myocardium-specific expression of insulin-like growth factor I, a proven stimulus for Akt activation. Phospho-Akt473 is also localized to the nucleus of cultured cardiomyocytes after exposure to 17ß-estradiol or genistein (a phytoestrogen in soy protein–based diets), and neonatal exposure of litters to genistein elevated nuclear phospho-Akt473 localization. The activation of Akt in a gender-dependent manner may help explain differences observed in cardiovascular disease risk between the sexes and supports the potential beneficial effects of estrogenic stimulation.
Key Words: Akt • gender • survival • phytoestrogen • insulin-like growth factor-1
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