© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Research |
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor165 Gene Transfer Augments Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Human Subjects
From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biomedical Research, St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Jeffrey M. Isner, MD, and T. Asahara, MD, PhD, St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, 736 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02135. E-mail jisner{at}opal.tufts.edu
Abstract—Preclinical studies in
animal models and early results of clinical trials in patients suggest
that intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA encoding vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can promote
neovascularization of ischemic tissues. Such neovascularization
has been attributed exclusively to sprout formation of
endothelial cells derived from preexisting vessels. We
investigated the hypothesis that VEGF gene transfer may also augment
the population of circulating endothelial progenitor
cells (EPCs). In patients with critical limb ischemia receiving
VEGF gene transfer, gene expression was documented by a transient
increase in plasma levels of VEGF. A culture assay documented a
significant increase in EPCs (219%, P<0.001), whereas
patients who received an empty vector had no change in circulating
EPCs, as was the case for volunteers who received saline injections
(VEGF versus empty vector, P<0.001; VEGF versus saline,
P<0.005). Fluorescence-activated cell
sorter analysis disclosed an overall increase of up to 30-fold
in endothelial lineage markers KDR (VEGF receptor-2),
VE-cadherin, CD34, 
vß3, and E-selectin
after VEGF gene transfer. Constitutive overexpression of VEGF in
patients with limb ischemia augments the population of
circulating EPCs. These findings support the notion that
neovascularization of human ischemic tissues after angiogenic
growth factor therapy is not limited to angiogenesis but involves
circulating endothelial precursors that may home to
ischemic foci and differentiate in situ through a process
of vasculogenesis.
Key Words: vascular endothelial growth factor • gene therapy • endothelial progenitor cells
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H. Masuda and T. Asahara Post-natal endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization in tissue regeneration Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2003; 58(2): 390 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P.O Bonetti, L.O Lerman, C Napoli, and A Lerman Statin effects beyond lipid lowering--are they clinically relevant? Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2003; 24(3): 225 - 248. [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. M. Tepper, R. D. Galiano, J. M. Capla, C. Kalka, P. J. Gagne, G. R. Jacobowitz, J. P. Levine, and G. C. Gurtner Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells From Type II Diabetics Exhibit Impaired Proliferation, Adhesion, and Incorporation Into Vascular Structures Circulation, November 26, 2002; 106(22): 2781 - 2786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Bolontrade, R.-R. Zhou, and E. S. Kleinerman Vasculogenesis Plays a Role in the Growth of Ewing's Sarcoma in Vivo Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2002; 8(11): 3622 - 3627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Thyberg Re-endothelialization Via Bone Marrow-Derived Progenitor Cells: Still Another Target of Statins in Vascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1509 - 1511. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. P. Young, A. A. Hofling, and M. S. Sands VEGF increases engraftment of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) into vasculature of newborn murine recipients PNAS, September 3, 2002; 99(18): 11951 - 11956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Pislaru, S. P. Janssens, B. J. Gersh, and R. D. Simari Defining Gene Transfer Before Expecting Gene Therapy: Putting the Horse Before the Cart Circulation, July 30, 2002; 106(5): 631 - 636. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. H. Walter, K. Rittig, F. H. Bahlmann, R. Kirchmair, M. Silver, T. Murayama, H. Nishimura, D. W. Losordo, T. Asahara, and J. M. Isner Statin Therapy Accelerates Reendothelialization: A Novel Effect Involving Mobilization and Incorporation of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells Circulation, June 25, 2002; 105(25): 3017 - 3024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. T. Rissanen, I. Vajanto, M. O. Hiltunen, J. Rutanen, M. I. Kettunen, M. Niemi, P. Leppanen, M. P. Turunen, J. E. Markkanen, K. Arve, et al. Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (KDR/Flk-1) in Ischemic Skeletal Muscle and Its Regeneration Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2002; 160(4): 1393 - 1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. B. Freedman and J. M. Isner Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Coronary Artery Disease Ann Intern Med, January 1, 2002; 136(1): 54 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Stevens, R. Rosenberg, W. Aird, T. Quertermous, F. L. Johnson, J. G. N. Garcia, R. P. Hebbel, R. M. Tuder, and S. Garfinkel NHLBI workshop report: endothelial cell phenotypes in heart, lung, and blood diseases Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2001; 281(5): C1422 - C1433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. M. Conway, D. Collen, and P. Carmeliet Molecular mechanisms of blood vessel growth Cardiovasc Res, February 16, 2001; 49(3): 507 - 521. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Kawamoto, H.-C. Gwon, H. Iwaguro, J.-I. Yamaguchi, S. Uchida, H. Masuda, M. Silver, H. Ma, M. Kearney, J. M. Isner, et al. Therapeutic Potential of Ex Vivo Expanded Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Myocardial Ischemia Circulation, February 6, 2001; 103(5): 634 - 637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gill, S. Dias, K. Hattori, M. L. Rivera, D. Hicklin, L. Witte, L. Girardi, R. Yurt, H. Himel, and S. Rafii Vascular Trauma Induces Rapid but Transient Mobilization of VEGFR2+AC133+ Endothelial Precursor Cells Circ. Res., February 2, 2001; 88(2): 167 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Dimmeler and A. M. Zeiher Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Angiogenesis and Vessel Regression Circ. Res., September 15, 2000; 87(6): 434 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Iwaguro, J.-i. Yamaguchi, C. Kalka, S. Murasawa, H. Masuda, S.-i. Hayashi, M. Silver, T. Li, J. M. Isner, and T. Asahara Endothelial Progenitor Cell Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Transfer for Vascular Regeneration Circulation, February 12, 2002; 105(6): 732 - 738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Vasa, S. Fichtlscherer, K. Adler, A. Aicher, H. Martin, A. M. Zeiher, and S. Dimmeler Increase in Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Statin Therapy in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, June 19, 2001; 103(24): 2885 - 2890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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