© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contribution |
Isoform-Selective Activation of Protein Kinase C by Nitric Oxide in the Heart of Conscious Rabbits
A Signaling Mechanism for Both Nitric Oxide–Induced and Ischemia-Induced Preconditioning
From the Experimental Research Laboratory (P.P., H.T., J.Z., X-L.T., Y.Q., R.C.X.L., S.B., B.D., Z.B., R.B), Division of Cardiology, and the Department of Physiology and Biophysics (P.P., Z.B., R.B.), University of Louisville, and Jewish Hospital Heart and Lung Institute, Louisville, Ky.
Correspondence to Peipei Ping, PhD, 511 S Floyd St, MDR Bldg, Room 526, Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202. E-mail ping{at}ntr.net
Abstract—Although
isoform-selective translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) 
appears
to play an important role in the late phase of ischemic
preconditioning (PC), the mechanism(s) responsible for such
translocation remains unclear. Furthermore, the signaling pathway that
leads to the development of late PC after exogenous administration of
NO in the absence of ischemia (NO donor–induced late PC) is
unknown. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that NO
activates PKC and that this is the mechanism for the
development of both ischemia-induced and NO donor–induced late
PC. A total of 95 chronically instrumented, conscious rabbits were
used. In rabbits subjected to ischemic PC (six 4-minute
occlusion/4-minute reperfusion cycles), administration of the NO
synthase inhibitor
N
-nitro-L-arginine (group
III), at doses previously shown to block the development of late PC,
completely blocked the ischemic PC–induced translocation of
PKC but not of PKC
, indicating that increased formation of NO is
an essential mechanism whereby brief ischemia activates
the isoform of PKC. Conversely, a translocation of PKC and -
quantitatively similar to that induced by ischemic PC could be
reproduced pharmacologically with the administration of 2 structurally
unrelated NO donors, diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO) and
S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP),
at doses previously shown to elicit a late PC effect. The particulate
fraction of PKC increased from 35±2% of total in the control group
(group I) to 60±1% after ischemic PC (group II)
(P<0.05), to 54±2% after SNAP (group IV)
(P<0.05) and to 52±2% after DETA/NO (group V)
(P<0.05). The particulate fraction of PKC rose from
66±5% in the control group to 86±3% after ischemic PC
(P<0.05), to 88±2% after SNAP
(P<0.05) and to 85±1% after DETA/NO
(P<0.05). Neither ischemic PC nor NO donors had
any appreciable effect on the subcellular distribution of PKC
,
-ß1, -ß2, -
, -
, -µ, or -
/
; on total PKC activity; or
on the subcellular distribution of total PKC activity. Thus, the
effects of SNAP and DETA/NO on PKC closely resembled those of
ischemic PC. The DETA/NO–induced translocation of PKC (but
not that of PKC) was completely prevented by the administration of
the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine at a dose of 5 mg/kg (group
VI) (particulate fraction of PKC, 38±4% of total,
P<0.05 versus group V; particulate fraction of PKC,
79±2% of total). The same dose of chelerythrine completely prevented
the DETA/NO–induced late PC effect against both myocardial stunning
(groups VII through X) and myocardial infarction (groups XI through
XV), indicating that NO donors induce late PC by activating PKC and
that among the 10 isozymes of PKC expressed in the rabbit heart, the
isotype is specifically involved in the development of this form of
pharmacological PC. In all groups examined (groups I through VI), the
changes in the subcellular distribution of PKC protein were
associated with parallel changes in PKC isoform–selective activity,
whereas total PKC activity was not significantly altered. Taken
together, the results provide direct evidence that isoform-selective
activation of PKC is a critical step in the signaling pathway
whereby NO initiates the development of a late PC effect both after an
ischemic stimulus (endogenous NO) and after
treatment with NO-releasing agents (exogenous NO). To our knowledge,
this is also the first report that NO can activate PKC in the
heart. The finding that NO can promote isoform-specific activation of
PKC identifies a new biological function of this radical and a new
mechanism in the signaling cascade of ischemic PC and may also
have important implications for other
pathophysiological conditions in which NO is
involved and for nitrate therapy.
Key Words: diethylenetriamine • nitric oxide • S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine • N-nitro-L-arginine • protein kinase C isoform • translocation
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J. M. Pass, Y. Zheng, W. B. Wead, J. Zhang, R. C. X. Li, R. Bolli, and P. Ping PKC{epsilon} activation induces dichotomous cardiac phenotypes and modulates PKC{epsilon}-RACK interactions and RACK expression Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): H946 - H955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Andreka, J. Zang, C. Dougherty, T. I. Slepak, K. A. Webster, and N. H. Bishopric Cytoprotection by Jun Kinase During Nitric Oxide-Induced Cardiac Myocyte Apoptosis Circ. Res., February 16, 2001; 88(3): 305 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Krenz, C. P. Baines, X.-M. Yang, G. Heusch, M. V. Cohen, and J. M. Downey Acute ethanol exposure fails to elicit preconditioning-like protection in in situ rabbit hearts because of its continued presence during ischemia J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2001; 37(2): 601 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Feng, H. Li, and E. R. Rosenkranz Bradykinin protects the rabbit heart after cardioplegic ischemia via NO-dependent pathways Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2000; 70(6): 2119 - 2124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Lochner, E. Marais, S. Genade, and J. A. Moolman Nitric oxide: a trigger for classic preconditioning? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): H2752 - H2765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Bolli The Late Phase of Preconditioning Circ. Res., November 24, 2000; 87(11): 972 - 983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Takano, X.-L. Tang, and R. Bolli Differential role of KATP channels in late preconditioning against myocardial stunning and infarction in rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): H2350 - H2359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-T. Xuan, X.-L. Tang, Y. Qiu, S. Banerjee, H. Takano, H. Han, and R. Bolli Biphasic response of cardiac NO synthase isoforms to ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): H2360 - H2371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Takano, X.-L. Tang, E. Kodani, and R. Bolli Late preconditioning enhances recovery of myocardial function after infarction in conscious rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): H2372 - H2381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Finkel Nitric Oxide and Viral Cardiomyopathy Circulation, October 31, 2000; 102(18): 2162 - 2164. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Xu, A. S. Clanachan, and B. I. Jugdutt Enhanced Expression of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor, Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor, and Protein Kinase C{epsilon} During Cardioprotection Induced by Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockade Hypertension, October 1, 2000; 36(4): 506 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. J. Gross and R. M. Fryer Mitochondrial KATP Channels : Triggers or Distal Effectors of Ischemic or Pharmacological Preconditioning? Circ. Res., September 15, 2000; 87(6): 431 - 433. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Shinmura, X.-L. Tang, Y. Wang, Y.-T. Xuan, S.-Q. Liu, H. Takano, A. Bhatnagar, and R. Bolli Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates the cardioprotective effects of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits PNAS, August 29, 2000; 97(18): 10197 - 10202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Tong, W. Chen, C. Steenbergen, and E. Murphy Ischemic Preconditioning Activates Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Upstream of Protein Kinase C Circ. Res., August 18, 2000; 87(4): 309 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Mockridge, A. Punn, D. S. Latchman, M. S. Marber, and R. J. Heads PKC-dependent delayed metabolic preconditioning is independent of transient MAPK activation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2000; 279(2): H492 - H501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. G. Hampton, I. Amende, J. Fong, V. E. Laubach, J. Li, C. Metais, and M. Simons Basic FGF reduces stunning via a NOS2-dependent pathway in coronary-perfused mouse hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2000; 279(1): H260 - H268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Yi Xu, V. Menon, and B. I Jugdutt Cardioprotection after angiotensin II type 1 blockade involves angiotensin II type 2 receptor expression and activation of protein kinase C-{varepsilon} in acutely reperfused myocardial infarction in the dog: Effect of UP269-6 and losartan on AT1- and AT2-receptor expression and IP3 receptor and PKC{varepsilon} proteins Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2000; 1(2): 184 - 195. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. D. Rakhit, R. J. Edwards, J. W. Mockridge, A. R. Baydoun, A. W. Wyatt, G. E. Mann, and M. S. Marber Nitric oxide-induced cardioprotection in cultured rat ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2000; 278(4): H1211 - H1217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Munzel, H. Li, H. Mollnau, U. Hink, E. Matheis, M. Hartmann, M. Oelze, M. Skatchkov, A. Warnholtz, L. Duncker, et al. Effects of Long-Term Nitroglycerin Treatment on Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS III) Gene Expression, NOS III-Mediated Superoxide Production, and Vascular NO Bioavailability Circ. Res., January 7, 2000; 86 (1): e7 - e12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gonzalez-Zulueta, A. B. Feldman, L. J. Klesse, R. G. Kalb, J. F. Dillman, L. F. Parada, T. M. Dawson, and V. L. Dawson Requirement for nitric oxide activation of p21ras/extracellular regulated kinase in neuronal ischemic preconditioning PNAS, January 4, 2000; 97(1): 436 - 441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. I. Jugdutt, Yi Xu, M. Balghith, R. Moudgil, and V. Menon Cardioprotection Induced by AT1R Blockade After Reperfused Myocardial Infarction: Association With Regional Increase in AT2R, IP3R and PKC{varepsilon} Proteins and cGMP Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, January 1, 2000; 5(4): 301 - 311. [Abstract] [PDF]
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B. Dawn, Y.-T. Xuan, Y. Qiu, H. Takano, X.-L. Tang, P. Ping, S. Banerjee, M. Hill, and R. Bolli Bifunctional Role of Protein Tyrosine Kinases in Late Preconditioning Against Myocardial Stunning in Conscious Rabbits Circ. Res., December 3, 1999; 85(12): 1154 - 1163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Liang and F. G. Knox Nitric oxide activates PKCalpha and inhibits Na+-K+-ATPase in opossum kidney cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 1999; 277(6): F859 - F865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Jalili, Y. Takeishi, G. Song, N. A. Ball, G. Howles, and R. A. Walsh PKC translocation without changes in Galpha q and PLC-beta protein abundance in cardiac hypertrophy and failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 1999; 277(6): H2298 - H2304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Banerjee, X.-L. Tang, Y. Qiu, H. Takano, S. Manchikalapudi, B. Dawn, G. Shirk, and R. Bolli Nitroglycerin induces late preconditioning against myocardial stunning via a PKC-dependent pathway Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 1999; 277(6): H2488 - H2494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Shinmura, X.-L. Tang, H. Takano, M. Hill, and R. Bolli Nitric oxide donors attenuate myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 1999; 277(6): H2495 - H2503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Ping, J. Zhang, S. Huang, X. Cao, X.-L. Tang, R. C. X. Li, Y.-T. Zheng, Y. Qiu, A. Clerk, P. Sugden, et al. PKC-dependent activation of p46/p54 JNKs during ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 1999; 277(5): H1771 - H1785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Ping, J. Zhang, Y.-T. Zheng, R. C. X. Li, B. Dawn, X.-L. Tang, H. Takano, Z. Balafanova, and R. Bolli Demonstration of Selective Protein Kinase C–Dependent Activation of Src and Lck Tyrosine Kinases During Ischemic Preconditioning in Conscious Rabbits Circ. Res., September 17, 1999; 85(6): 542 - 550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Rizvi, X.-L. Tang, Y. Qiu, Y.-T. Xuan, H. Takano, A. K. Jadoon, and R. Bolli Increased protein synthesis is necessary for the development of late preconditioning against myocardial stunning Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 1999; 277(3): H874 - H884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-T. Xuan, X.-L. Tang, S. Banerjee, H. Takano, R. C. X. Li, H. Han, Y. Qiu, J.-J. Li, and R. Bolli Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Plays an Essential Role in the Late Phase of Ischemic Preconditioning in Conscious Rabbits Circ. Res., May 14, 1999; 84(9): 1095 - 1109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Vondriska, J. Zhang, C. Song, X.-L. Tang, X. Cao, C. P. Baines, J. M. Pass, S. Wang, R. Bolli, and P. Ping Protein Kinase C {epsilon}-Src Modules Direct Signal Transduction in Nitric Oxide-Induced Cardioprotection : Complex Formation as a Means for Cardioprotective Signaling Circ. Res., June 22, 2001; 88(12): 1306 - 1313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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