© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Ischemic Preconditioning Induces Selective Translocation of Protein Kinase C Isoforms 
and 
in the Heart of Conscious Rabbits Without Subcellular Redistribution of Total Protein Kinase C Activity
From the Experimental Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology (P.P., J.Z., Y.Q., X.-L.T., S.M., X.C., R.B.), and the Department of Physiology and Biophysics (P.P., R.B.), University of Louisville (Ky).
Correspondence to Peipei Ping, PhD, Division of Cardiology, Research Laboratories/MDR Building, Room 526, University of Louisville, 511 South Floyd St, Louisville, KY 40202. E-mail ping{at}NTR.NET
Abstract Considerable controversy surrounds the role of
protein kinase C (PKC) in ischemic preconditioning (PC).
Previous studies have used pharmacological agents and/or measured total
myocardial PKC activity; however, no information is available regarding
the effects of PC on individual isoforms in vivo. We performed a
comprehensive evaluation (using Western immunoblotting)
of the expression and subcellular distribution of all 11 currently
known PKC isoforms in the heart of conscious rabbits subjected to four
different ischemic PC protocols known to induce early and/or
late PC (one, three, or six cycles of 4-minute coronary
occlusion [4'O]/4-minute reperfusion [4'R]; four cycles of 5-minute
occlusion [5'O]/10-minute reperfusion [10'R]). Ten PKC isoforms
(
, ß1/ß2, 
, 
, , 
, , 
,
, and µ) were found to be expressed in the rabbit heart.
Quantitative immunoblotting demonstrated that as a
subgroup, conventional PKCs (cPKCs) are more abundant than novel PKCs
(nPKCs) (1445 versus 313 pg PKC/µg tissue protein, respectively) and
that PKC is the predominant isoform among the cPKCs (,
ß1, ß2, and ), representing
51% of this subgroup, and PKC is the most abundant among the nPKCs
(, , , and ), accounting for 62% of this subgroup. None of
the ischemic PC protocols examined caused appreciable changes
in total PKC activity, in the subcellular distribution of total PKC
activity, or in the subcellular distribution of PKC isoforms ,
ß1/ß2, , , , , , and µ. In
contrast, all PC protocols caused significant translocation of PKC
and PKC isoforms from the cytosolic to the particulate fraction. The
particulate fraction of PKC increased in a dose-dependent fashion
with the number of occlusion/reperfusion cycles performed, from 35±2%
in the control group to 43±2% after one 4'O/5-minute reperfusion
(5'R) cycle (P<.05), 52±2% after three cycles
(P<.05 versus one cycle), and 66±3% after six cycles
(P<.05 versus three cycles). The particulate fraction of
PKC also increased, after four 5'O/10'R cycles, to 50±3%
(P<.05 versus control). In contrast to PKC, the
translocation of PKC was independent of the number of
occlusion/reperfusion cycles performed. The particulate fraction of
PKC increased from 67±3% in the control group to 84±2% after one
4'O/5'R cycle (P<.05), 84±2% after three 4'O/4'R cycles
(P<.05), 86±3% after six 4'O/4'R cycles
(P<.05), and 83±2% after four 5'O/10'R cycles
(P<.05). When expressed as a percentage of control values,
the increases in the particulate fraction of isoform were greater
than those of isoform . The effects of 4'O without reperfusion were
similar to those of one cycle of 4'O/5'R, indicating that 5'R did not
attenuate isoform translocation. This is the first study to demonstrate
PKC translocation after ischemic PC in vivo. The results
indicate that in the conscious rabbit, ischemic PC causes
selective translocation of the and isoforms without
demonstrable changes in total myocardial PKC activity, implying that
measurements of total PKC activity are not sufficiently sensitive to
detect the involvement of PKC in PC. The results are consistent
with the concept that the and isozymes play an important role
in the genesis of ischemic PC in the conscious rabbit.
Key Words: late phase of preconditioning • protein kinase C • protein kinase C • myocardial ischemia • myocardial reperfusion
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K. Przyklenk, G. Li, B. Z. Simkhovich, and R. A. Kloner Mechanisms of myocardial ischemic preconditioning are age related: PKC-{epsilon} does not play a requisite role in old rabbits J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2003; 95(6): 2563 - 2569. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. M. Tickerhoof, P A. Farrell, and D. H. Korzick Alterations in rat coronary vasoreactivity and vascular protein kinase C isoforms in Type 1 diabetes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2694 - H2703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Rafiee, Y. Shi, K. A. Pritchard Jr., H. Ogawa, A. L. W. Eis, R. A. Komorowski, C. M. Fitzpatrick, J. S. Tweddell, S. B. Litwin, K. Mussatto, et al. Cellular Redistribution of Inducible Hsp70 Protein in the Human and Rabbit Heart in Response to the Stress of Chronic Hypoxia: ROLE OF PROTEIN KINASES J. Biol. Chem., October 31, 2003; 278(44): 43636 - 43644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. M. YELLON and J. M. DOWNEY Preconditioning the Myocardium: From Cellular Physiology to Clinical Cardiology Physiol Rev, October 1, 2003; 83(4): 1113 - 1151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Inagaki, H. S. Hahn, G. W. Dorn II, and D. Mochly-Rosen Additive Protection of the Ischemic Heart Ex Vivo by Combined Treatment With {delta}-Protein Kinase C Inhibitor and {epsilon}-Protein Kinase C Activator Circulation, August 19, 2003; 108(7): 869 - 875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. C. Zhao and R. C. Kukreja Protein kinase C-{delta} mediates adenosine A3 receptor-induced delayed cardioprotection in mouse Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H434 - H441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. P. Baines, C.-X. Song, Y.-T. Zheng, G.-W. Wang, J. Zhang, O.-L. Wang, Y. Guo, R. Bolli, E. M. Cardwell, and P. Ping Protein Kinase C{epsilon} Interacts With and Inhibits the Permeability Transition Pore in Cardiac Mitochondria Circ. Res., May 2, 2003; 92(8): 873 - 880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Vaage and G. Valen Preconditioning and cardiac surgery Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2003; 75(2): S709 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Jansen, P. Gres, C. Umschlag, F. R. Heinzel, H. Degenhardt, K.-D. Schluter, G. Heusch, and R. Schulz Parathyroid hormone-related peptide improves contractile function of stunned myocardium in rats and pigs Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): H49 - H55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. He, C. Rask-Madsen, and G.L. King Mechanisms of cardiovascular complications in diabetes and potential new pharmacological therapies Eur. Heart J. Suppl., January 1, 2003; 5(suppl_B): B51 - B57. [Abstract] [PDF]
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K. A. Detillieux, F. Sheikh, E. Kardami, and P. A. Cattini Biological activities of fibroblast growth factor-2 in the adult myocardium Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2003; 57(1): 8 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Krieg, Q. Qin, E. C. McIntosh, M. V. Cohen, and J. M. Downey ACh and adenosine activate PI3-kinase in rabbit hearts through transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2322 - H2330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Shinmura, M. Nagai, K. Tamaki, M. Tani, and R. Bolli COX-2-derived prostacyclin mediates opioid-induced late phase of preconditioning in isolated rat hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2534 - H2543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Kodani, Y.-T. Xuan, K. Shinmura, H. Takano, X.-L. Tang, and R. Bolli delta -Opioid receptor-induced late preconditioning is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 in conscious rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): H1943 - H1957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G.F Baxter Role of adenosine in delayed preconditioning of myocardium Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 483 - 494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-P. Wang, H. Maeta, K. Mizoguchi, T. Suzuki, Y. Yamashita, and M. Oe Intestinal ischemia preconditions myocardium: role of protein kinase C and mitochondrial KATP channel Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 576 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Wolfrum, K. Schneider, M. Heidbreder, J. Nienstedt, P. Dominiak, and A. Dendorfer Remote preconditioning protects the heart by activating myocardial PKC{epsilon}-isoform Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 583 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Batthish, R. J Diaz, H.-P. Zeng, P. H Backx, and G. J Wilson Pharmacological preconditioning in rabbit myocardium is blocked by chloride channel inhibition Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 660 - 671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. T Saurin, D. J Pennington, N. J.H Raat, D. S Latchman, M. J Owen, and M. S Marber Targeted disruption of the protein kinase C epsilon gene abolishes the infarct size reduction that follows ischaemic preconditioning of isolated buffer-perfused mouse hearts Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 672 - 680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Dawn, H. Takano, X.-L. Tang, E. Kodani, S. Banerjee, A. Rezazadeh, Y. Qiu, and R. Bolli Role of Src protein tyrosine kinases in late preconditioning against myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2002; 283(2): H549 - H556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Rafiee, Y. Shi, X. Kong, K. A. Pritchard Jr, J. S. Tweddell, S. B. Litwin, K. Mussatto, R. D. Jaquiss, J. Su, and J. E. Baker Activation of Protein Kinases in Chronically Hypoxic Infant Human and Rabbit Hearts: Role in Cardioprotection Circulation, July 9, 2002; 106(2): 239 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kudo, Y. Wang, M. Xu, A. Ayub, and M. Ashraf Adenosine A1 receptor mediates late preconditioning via activation of PKC-delta signaling pathway Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): H296 - H301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Ohnuma, T. Miura, T. Miki, M. Tanno, A. Kuno, A. Tsuchida, and K. Shimamoto Opening of mitochondrial KATP channel occurs downstream of PKC-epsilon activation in the mechanism of preconditioning Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): H440 - H447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Liedtke, C. H. C. Yun, N. Kyle, and D. Wang Protein Kinase Cepsilon -dependent Regulation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Involves Binding to a Receptor for Activated C Kinase (RACK1) and RACK1 Binding to Na+/H+ Exchange Regulatory Factor J. Biol. Chem., June 14, 2002; 277(25): 22925 - 22933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Y. Zhang, B. C. McPherson, H. Liu, T. Baman, S. S. McPherson, P. Rock, and Z. Yao Role of Nitric-Oxide Synthase, Free Radicals, and Protein Kinase C delta in Opioid-Induced Cardioprotection J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2002; 301(3): 1012 - 1019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. D. Edmondson, T. M. Vondriska, K. J. Biederman, J. Zhang, R. C. Jones, Y. Zheng, D. L. Allen, J. X. Xiu, E. M. Cardwell, M. R. Pisano, et al. Protein Kinase C {epsilon} Signaling Complexes Include Metabolism- and Transcription/Translation-related Proteins: Complimentary Separation Techniques With LC/MS/MS Mol. Cell. Proteomics, June 1, 2002; 1(6): 421 - 433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z.-Q. Jin, H.-Z. Zhou, P. Zhu, N. Honbo, D. Mochly-Rosen, R. O. Messing, E. J. Goetzl, J. S. Karliner, and M. O. Gray Cardioprotection mediated by sphingosine-1-phosphate and ganglioside GM-1 in wild-type and PKCepsilon knockout mouse hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): H1970 - H1977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Munakata, C. Stamm, I. Friehs, D. Zurakowski, D. B. Cowan, H. Cao-Danh, F. X. McGowan Jr, and P. J. del Nido Protective effects of protein kinase C during myocardial ischemia require activation of phosphatidyl-inositol specific phospholipase C Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2002; 73(4): 1236 - 1245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Liu, H. Y. Zhang, X. Zhu, Z. Shao, and Z. Yao Preconditioning blocks cardiocyte apoptosis: role of KATP channels and PKC-epsilon Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2002; 282(4): H1380 - H1386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Y. Zhang, B. C. McPherson, H. Liu, T. S. Baman, P. Rock, and Z. Yao H2O2 opens mitochondrial KATP channels and inhibits GABA receptors via protein kinase C-epsilon in cardiomyocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2002; 282(4): H1395 - H1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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