© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cardiovascular Disease
From the Divisions of Cardiology (C.M.D., J.R.M.) and Cardiovascular Genetics (A.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University College London (UK) Medical School.
Correspondence to Dr Adriano M. Henney, Department of Medicine, University College London Medical School, Rayne Institute, University St, London WC1E 6JJ, UK. E-mail ahenney@med.ucl.ac.uk.
Key Words: matrix metalloproteinase • cardiovascular disease • tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase
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Introduction |
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The vessel wall is an integrated functional component of the circulatory system that is continually remodeling in response to hemodynamic conditions and disease states. The endothelium releases locally active mediators, such as nitric oxide and endothelin, which have immediate vasoactive properties and longer-term trophic effects on the medial SMCs. Vascular tone and compliance are determined by these SMCs, which not only actively control wall tension but also synthesize the major structural components of the vessel wall: collagens types I, III, IV, and V, elastin, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. These components interact to form a complex network that gives blood vessels their elastic physical characteristics. Continual mechanical stresses will cause weakening of the vessel wall if the structural integrity and physical properties of the matrix are not maintained. The matrix composition determines not only the physical elastic properties of the vessel wall but also its cellular components via stored growth factors in the matrix and growth factor activation by MMPs. The matrix, therefore, rather than being merely a system of scaffolding for the surrounding cells, is a dynamic structure that is central to the control of vascular remodeling. Connective tissue repair and remodeling to maintain matrix integrity involves the synthesis and removal of these proteins, a process that depends on the action of a range of proteases and their inhibitors. Evidence suggests that there are two systems that predominate and interact to achieve homeostasis within the vessel wall: the plasminogen activator-plasmin system and the MMPs. This review focuses on discussing the increasing
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J. Silence, F. Lupu, D. Collen, and H. R. Lijnen Persistence of Atherosclerotic Plaque but Reduced Aneurysm Formation in Mice With Stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) Gene Inactivation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2001; 21(9): 1440 - 1445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Pollanen, P. J. Karhunen, J. Mikkelsson, P. Laippala, M. Perola, A. Penttila, K. M. Mattila, T. Koivula, and T. Lehtimaki Coronary Artery Complicated Lesion Area Is Related to Functional Polymorphism of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Gene: An Autopsy Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2001; 21(9): 1446 - 1450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D Tousoulis, G J Davies, C Tentolouris, G Goumas, C Stefanadis, and P Toutouzas Vasomotor effects of L- and D-arginine in stenotic atheromatous coronary plaque Heart, September 1, 2001; 86(3): 296 - 301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Smith, S. D. Irving, J. Sheldon, D. Cole, and J. C. Kaski Serum Levels of the Antiinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-10 Are Decreased in Patients With Unstable Angina Circulation, August 14, 2001; 104(7): 746 - 749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Schoenhagen, K. M. Ziada, D. G. Vince, S. E. Nissen, and E. M. Tuzcu Arterial remodeling and coronary artery disease: the concept of "dilated" versus "obstructive" coronary atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2001; 38(2): 297 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Hu, A. H. Baker, Y. Zou, A. C. Newby, and Q. Xu Local Gene Transfer of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 Influences Vein Graft Remodeling in a Mouse Model Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2001; 21(8): 1275 - 1280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Watanabe, M. Kurabayashi, M. Arai, K. Sekiguchi, and R. Nagai Combined effect of retinoic acid and basic FGF on PAI-1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2001; 51(1): 151 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. J. Feldman, M. Mazighi, A. Scheuble, J.-F. Deux, E. De Benedetti, C. Badier-Commander, E. Brambilla, D. Henin, P. G. Steg, and M.-P. Jacob Differential Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases After Stent Implantation and Balloon Angioplasty in the Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Circulation, June 26, 2001; 103(25): 3117 - 3122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Joffs, H. R. Gunasinghe, M. M. Multani, B. H. Dorman, J. M. Kratz, A. J. Crumbley III, F. A. Crawford Jr, and F. G. Spinale Cardiopulmonary bypass induces the synthesis and release of matrix metalloproteinases Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2001; 71(5): 1518 - 1523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Aikawa and P. Libby Vascular inflammation and activation: new targets for lipid lowering Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2001; 3(suppl_B): B3 - B11. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 S. Bellosta, M. Canavesi, E. Favari, L. Cominacini, G. Gaviraghi, R. Fumagalli, R. Paoletti, and F. Bernini Lalsoacidipine Modulates the Secretion of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 by Human Macrophages J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 2001; 296(3): 736 - 743. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. Mostafa Mtairag, S. Chollet-Martin, M. Oudghiri, N. Laquay, M.-P. Jacob, J.-B. Michel, and L. J. Feldman Effects of interleukin-10 on monocyte/endothelial cell adhesion and MMP-9/TIMP-1 secretion Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2001; 49(4): 882 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Cooper, G. J. Miller, K. A. Bauer, J. H. Morrissey, T. W. Meade, D. J. Howarth, S. Barzegar, J. P. Mitchell, and R. D. Rosenberg Comparison of Novel Hemostatic Factors and Conventional Risk Factors for Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Circulation, December 5, 2000; 102(23): 2816 - 2822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. D. Douillet, V. Velarde, J. T. Christopher, R. K. Mayfield, M. E. Trojanowska, and A. A. Jaffa Mechanisms by which bradykinin promotes fibrosis in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of TGF-beta and MAPK Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): H2829 - H2837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Y. Li, Y. Q. Feng, T. Kadokami, C. F. McTiernan, R. Draviam, S. C. Watkins, and A. M. Feldman Myocardial extracellular matrix remodeling in transgenic mice overexpressing tumor necrosis factor alpha can be modulated by anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy PNAS, November 7, 2000; 97(23): 12746 - 12751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D Tousoulis, C Tentolouris, T Crake, G Goumas, C Stefanadis, P Toutouzas, and G Davies Complex stenosis morphology and vasomotor responses to inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis Heart, November 1, 2000; 84(5): 529 - 534. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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I. Morishima, T. Sone, K. Okumura, H. Tsuboi, J. Kondo, H. Mukawa, H. Matsui, Y. Toki, T. Ito, and T. Hayakawa Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon as a predictor of adverse long-term outcome in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for first acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2000; 36(4): 1202 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Salzmann, G A. Limb, P. T Khaw, Z. J Gregor, L. Webster, A. H Chignell, and D. G Charteris Matrix metalloproteinases and their natural inhibitors in fibrovascular membranes of proliferative diabetic retinopathy Br J Ophthalmol, October 1, 2000; 84(10): 1091 - 1096. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Vieillard-Baron, E. Frisdal, S. Eddahibi, I. Deprez, A. H. Baker, A. C. Newby, P. Berger, M. Levame, B. Raffestin, S. Adnot, et al. Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases by Lung TIMP-1 Gene Transfer or Doxycycline Aggravates Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats Circ. Res., September 1, 2000; 87(5): 418 - 425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Ikeda, M. Shimpo, R. Ohki, H. Inaba, M. Takahashi, K. Yamamoto, and K. Shimada Fluvastatin Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells Hypertension, September 1, 2000; 36(3): 325 - 329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. G. L. de Smet, D. de Kleijn, R. Hanemaaijer, J. H. Verheijen, L. Robertus, Y. J. M. van der Helm, C. Borst, and M. J. Post Metalloproteinase Inhibition Reduces Constrictive Arterial Remodeling After Balloon Angioplasty : A Study in the Atherosclerotic Yucatan Micropig Circulation, June 27, 2000; 101(25): 2962 - 2967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. P. Bendeck, C. Irvin, M. Reidy, L. Smith, D. Mulholland, M. Horton, and C. M. Giachelli Smooth Muscle Cell Matrix Metalloproteinase Production Is Stimulated via {alpha}v{beta}3 Integrin Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1467 - 1472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. R. Lijnen, B. Van Hoef, M. Dewerchin, and D. Collen {alpha}2-Antiplasmin Gene Deficiency in Mice Does Not Affect Neointima Formation After Vascular Injury Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1488 - 1492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Creemers, J. Cleutjens, J. Smits, S. Heymans, L. Moons, D. Collen, M. Daemen, and P. Carmeliet Disruption of the Plasminogen Gene in Mice Abolishes Wound Healing after Myocardial Infarction Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2000; 156(6): 1865 - 1873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Varo, M. J. Iraburu, M. Varela, B. Lopez, J. C. Etayo, and J. Diez Chronic AT1 Blockade Stimulates Extracellular Collagen Type I Degradation and Reverses Myocardial Fibrosis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, June 1, 2000; 35(6): 1197 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Jormsjo, S. Ye, J. Moritz, D. H. Walter, S. Dimmeler, A. M. Zeiher, A. Henney, A. Hamsten, and P. Eriksson Allele-Specific Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-12 Gene Activity Is Associated With Coronary Artery Luminal Dimensions in Diabetic Patients With Manifest Coronary Artery Disease Circ. Res., May 12, 2000; 86(9): 998 - 1003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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