© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Two Components of the Delayed Rectifier K+ Current in Ventricular Myocytes of the Guinea Pig Type
Theoretical Formulation and Their Role in Repolarization
Presented in part in abstract form at the 39th meeting of the Biophysical Society, San Francisco, Calif, February 12-16, 1995.
From the Cardiac Bioelectricity Research and Training Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
Abstract Two distinct delayed rectifier K+
currents, IKr and IKs, were found
recently in ventricular cells. We formulated these currents
theoretically and investigated their roles in action potential
repolarization and the restitution of action potential duration (APD).
The Luo-Rudy (L-R) model of the ventricular action
potential was used in the simulations. The single delayed rectifier
K+ current in the model was replaced by IKr and
IKs. Our results show that IKs is the major
outward current during the plateau repolarization. A specific block of
either IKr or IKs can effectively prolong APD
to the same degree. Therefore, either channel provides a target for
class III antiarrhythmic drugs. In the simulated guinea pig
ventricular cell, complete block of IKr does
not result in early afterdepolarizations (EADs). In contrast, >80%
block of IKs results in abnormal repolarization and EADs.
This behavior reflects the high IKs-to-IKr
density ratio (
8:1) in this cell and can be reversed (ie,
IKr block can cause EADs) by reducing the ratio of
Iks to IKr. The computed APD restitution curve
is consistent with the experimental behavior, displaying fast
APD variation at short diastolic intervals (DIs) and
downward shift at longer DIs with the decrease of basic drive cycle
length (BCL). Examining the ionic currents and their underlying kinetic
processes, we found that activation of both IKr and
IKs is the primary determinant of the APD restitution at
shorter DIs, with Ca2+ current through L-type
channels (ICa) playing a minor role. The rate of APD change
depends on the relative densities of IKr and
IKs; it increases when the
IKr-to-IKs density ratio is large. The
BCL-dependent shift of restitution at longer DIs is primarily
attributed to long-lasting changes in
[Ca2+]i. This in turn causes different
degrees of Ca2+-dependent inactivation of
ICa and different degrees of
Ca2+-dependent conductance of IKs at
very long DIs (>5 s) for different BCLs. This BCL dependence of
ICa and IKs that is secondary to long-lasting
changes in [Ca2+]i is responsible for
APD changes at long DIs and can be viewed as a "memory property"
of cardiac cells.
Key Words: K+ current • action potential duration • repolarization • simulation • optical mapping
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M. G. Chang, Y. Zhang, C. Y. Chang, L. Xu, R. Emokpae, L. Tung, E. Marban, and M. R. Abraham Spiral Waves and Reentry Dynamics in an In Vitro Model of the Healed Infarct Border Zone Circ. Res., November 20, 2009; 105(11): 1062 - 1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. P. Nickerson and M. L. Buist A physiome standards-based model publication paradigm Phil Trans R Soc A, May 28, 2009; 367(1895): 1823 - 1844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Nattel Delayed-rectifier potassium currents and the control of cardiac repolarization: Noble and Tsien 40 years after J. Physiol., December 15, 2008; 586(24): 5849 - 5852. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Gao, Q. Xiong, H. Sun, and M. Li Desensitization of Chemical Activation by Auxiliary Subunits: CONVERGENCE OF MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS CRITICAL FOR AUGMENTING KCNQ1 POTASSIUM CHANNELS J. Biol. Chem., August 15, 2008; 283(33): 22649 - 22658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. M. Tice, B. Rodriguez, J. Eason, and N. Trayanova Mechanistic investigation into the arrhythmogenic role of transmural heterogeneities in regional ischaemia phase 1A Europace, November 1, 2007; 9(suppl_6): vi46 - vi58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Tsujimae, S. Suzuki, S. Murakami, and Y. Kurachi Frequency-dependent effects of various IKr blockers on cardiac action potential duration in a human atrial model Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): H660 - H669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Livshitz and Y. Rudy Regulation of Ca2+ and electrical alternans in cardiac myocytes: role of CAMKII and repolarizing currents Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2007; 292(6): H2854 - H2866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. P. Smith, E. J. Crampin, S. A. Niederer, J. B. Bassingthwaighte, and D. A. Beard Computational biology of cardiac myocytes: proposed standards for the physiome J. Exp. Biol., May 1, 2007; 210(9): 1576 - 1583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Sung, S.-N. Wu, J.-S. Wu, H.-D. Chang, and C.-H. Luo Electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in relation to Andersen-Tawil syndrome under conditions of reduced IK1: a simulation study Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): H2597 - H2605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Bo Shim, C. Hun Leem, Y. Abe, and A. Noma A new multi-scale simulation model of the circulation: from cells to system Phil Trans R Soc A, June 15, 2006; 364(1843): 1483 - 1500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Miyauchi, Z. Qu, Y. Miyauchi, S.-M. Zhou, H. Pak, W. J. Mandel, M. C. Fishbein, P.-S. Chen, and H. S. Karagueuzian Chronic nicotine in hearts with healed ventricular myocardial infarction promotes atrial flutter that resembles typical human atrial flutter Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): H2878 - H2886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Terrenoire, C. E. Clancy, J. W. Cormier, K. J. Sampson, and R. S. Kass Autonomic Control of Cardiac Action Potentials: Role of Potassium Channel Kinetics in Response to Sympathetic Stimulation Circ. Res., March 18, 2005; 96(5): e25 - e34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. E. Clancy and R. S. Kass Inherited and Acquired Vulnerability to Ventricular Arrhythmias: Cardiac Na+ and K+ Channels Physiol Rev, January 1, 2005; 85(1): 33 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ashihara and N. A. Trayanova Cell and tissue responses to electric shocks Europace, January 1, 2005; 7(s2): S155 - S165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Livshitz, K. Decker, G. Faber, T. O'Hara, J. Silva, Y. Rudy, K. H. W. J. ten Tusscher, D. Noble, P. J. Noble, and A. V. Panfilov Comments on "A model for human ventricular tissue" Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): H453 - H453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. E. Bondarenko, G. P. Szigeti, G. C. L. Bett, S.-J. Kim, and R. L. Rasmusson Computer model of action potential of mouse ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): H1378 - H1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Rodriguez, B. M. Tice, J. C. Eason, F. Aguel, J. M. Ferrero Jr., and N. Trayanova Effect of acute global ischemia on the upper limit of vulnerability: a simulation study Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2004; 286(6): H2078 - H2088. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. KLEBER and Y. RUDY Basic Mechanisms of Cardiac Impulse Propagation and Associated Arrhythmias Physiol Rev, April 1, 2004; 84(2): 431 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. H. W. J. ten Tusscher, D. Noble, P. J. Noble, and A. V. Panfilov A model for human ventricular tissue Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): H1573 - H1589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Ehrlich, M. Pourrier, M. Weerapura, N. Ethier, A. M. Marmabachi, T. E. Hebert, and S. Nattel KvLQT1 Modulates the Distribution and Biophysical Properties of HERG: A NOVEL {alpha}-SUBUNIT INTERACTION BETWEEN DELAYED RECTIFIER CURRENTS J. Biol. Chem., January 9, 2004; 279(2): 1233 - 1241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Zicha, I. Moss, B. Allen, A. Varro, J. Papp, R. Dumaine, C. Antzelevich, and S. Nattel Molecular basis of species-specific expression of repolarizing K+ currents in the heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2003; 285(4): H1641 - H1649. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Chiello Tracy, C. Cabo, J. Coromilas, J. Kurokawa, R. S. Kass, and A. L. Wit Electrophysiological consequences of human IKs channel expression in adult murine heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): H168 - H175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E Pollard, W. E Cascio, V. G Fast, and S. B Knisley Modulation of triggered activity by uncoupling in the ischemic border: A model study with phase 1b-like conditions Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2002; 56(3): 381 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Rodriguez, J. M. Ferrero Jr., and B. Trenor Mechanistic investigation of extracellular K+ accumulation during acute myocardial ischemia: a simulation study Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2002; 283(2): H490 - H500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Gima and Y. Rudy Ionic Current Basis of Electrocardiographic Waveforms: A Model Study Circ. Res., May 3, 2002; 90(8): 889 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Ishihara, D.-H. Yan, S. Yamamoto, and T. Ehara Inward rectifier K+ current under physiological cytoplasmic conditions in guinea-pig cardiac ventricular cells J. Physiol., May 1, 2002; 540(3): 831 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Weerapura, S. Nattel, D. Chartier, R. Caballero, and T. E Hebert A comparison of currents carried by HERG, with and without coexpression of MiRP1, and the native rapid delayed rectifier current. Is MiRP1 the missing link? J. Physiol., April 1, 2002; 540(1): 15 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Puglisi and D. M. Bers LabHEART: an interactive computer model of rabbit ventricular myocyte ion channels and Ca transport Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2001; 281(6): C2049 - C2060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Sampson and C. S. Henriquez Simulation and prediction of functional block in the presence of structural and ionic heterogeneity Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2001; 281(6): H2597 - H2603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Clancy and Y. Rudy Cellular consequences of HERG mutations in the long QT syndrome: precursors to sudden cardiac death Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2001; 50(2): 301 - 313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. C. Hoppe, E. Marban, and D. C. Johns Distinct gene-specific mechanisms of arrhythmia revealed by cardiac gene transfer of two long QT disease genes, HERG and KCNE1 PNAS, April 24, 2001; 98(9): 5335 - 5340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.-R. Choi, T. Liu, and G. Salama The Distribution of Refractory Periods Influences the Dynamics of Ventricular Fibrillation Circ. Res., March 16, 2001; 88 (5): e49 - e58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Xie, Z. Qu, A. Garfinkel, and J. N. Weiss Electrophysiological heterogeneity and stability of reentry in simulated cardiac tissue Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2001; 280(2): H535 - H545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ficker, D. Thomas, P. C. Viswanathan, A. T. Dennis, S. G. Priori, C. Napolitano, M. Memmi, B. A. Wible, E. S. Kaufman, S. Iyengar, et al. Novel characteristics of a misprocessed mutant HERG channel linked to hereditary long QT syndrome Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2000; 279(4): H1748 - H1756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Hund, N. F. Otani, and Y. Rudy Dynamics of action potential head-tail interaction during reentry in cardiac tissue: ionic mechanisms Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2000; 279(4): H1869 - H1879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. W. Joyner, Y.-G. Wang, R. Wilders, D. A. Golod, M. B. Wagner, R. Kumar, and W. N. Goolsby A spontaneously active focus drives a model atrial sheet more easily than a model ventricular sheet Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2000; 279(2): H752 - H763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.-R. Li, B. Yang, H. Sun, and C. M. Baumgarten Existence of a transient outward K+ current in guinea pig cardiac myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2000; 279(1): H130 - H138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Wang, C. D. Myers, and G. A. Robertson Dynamic Control of Deactivation Gating by a Soluble Amino-Terminal Domain in HERG K+ Channels J. Gen. Physiol., June 1, 2000; 115(6): 749 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Wang and Y. Rudy Action potential propagation in inhomogeneous cardiac tissue: safety factor considerations and ionic mechanism Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2000; 278(4): H1019 - H1029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. C. Viswanathan and Y. Rudy Cellular Arrhythmogenic Effects of Congenital and Acquired Long-QT Syndrome in the Heterogeneous Myocardium Circulation, March 14, 2000; 101(10): 1192 - 1198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zaniboni, A. E. Pollard, L. Yang, and K. W. Spitzer Beat-to-beat repolarization variability in ventricular myocytes and its suppression by electrical coupling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2000; 278(3): H677 - H687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Gintant Characterization and functional consequences of delayed rectifier current transient in ventricular repolarization Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2000; 278(3): H806 - H817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. Wagner, Y.-G. Wang, R. Kumar, D. A. Golod, W. N. Goolsby, and R. W. Joyner Measurements of calcium transients in ventricular cells during discontinuous action potential conduction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2000; 278(2): H444 - H451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Dumaine, J. A. Towbin, P. Brugada, M. Vatta, D. V. Nesterenko, V. V. Nesterenko, J. Brugada, R. Brugada, and C. Antzelevitch Ionic Mechanisms Responsible for the Electrocardiographic Phenotype of the Brugada Syndrome Are Temperature Dependent Circ. Res., October 29, 1999; 85(9): 803 - 809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. Bosch, Z. Wang, G.-R. Li, and S. Nattel Electrophysiological mechanisms by which hypothyroidism delays repolarization in guinea pig hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 1999; 277(1): H211 - H220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K.-L. Cheng, L. Tung, and E. A. Sobie Nonuniform responses of transmembrane potential during electric field stimulation of single cardiac cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 1999; 277(1): H351 - H362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. Viswanathan, R. M. Shaw, and Y. Rudy Effects of IKr and IKs Heterogeneity on Action Potential Duration and Its Rate Dependence : A Simulation Study Circulation, May 11, 1999; 99(18): 2466 - 2474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C Viswanathan and Y. Rudy Pause induced early afterdepolarizations in the long QT syndrome: a simulation study Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 1999; 42(2): 530 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C. Trudeau, S. A. Titus, J. L. Branchaw, B. Ganetzky, and G. A. Robertson Functional Analysis of a Mouse Brain Elk-Type K+ Channel J. Neurosci., April 15, 1999; 19(8): 2906 - 2918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Winslow, J. Rice, S. Jafri, E. Marban, and B. O'Rourke Mechanisms of Altered Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Canine Tachycardia-Induced Heart Failure, II : Model Studies Circ. Res., March 19, 1999; 84(5): 571 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. M. Wilde, R. J. E. Jongbloed, P. A. Doevendans, D. R. Duren, R. N. W. Hauer, I. M. van Langen, J. P. van Tintelen, H. J. M. Smeets, H. Meyer, and J. L. M. C. Geelen Auditory stimuli as a trigger for arrhythmic events differentiate HERG-related (LQTS2) patients from KVLQT1-related patients (LQTS1) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 1999; 33(2): 327 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Huelsing, K. W. Spitzer, J. M. Cordeiro, and A. E. Pollard Modulation of repolarization in rabbit Purkinje and ventricular myocytes coupled by a variable resistance Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 1999; 276(2): H572 - H581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Geelen, B. Drolet, E. Lessard, P. Gilbert, G. E. O'Hara, and J. Turgeon Concomitant Block of the Rapid (IKr) and Slow (IKs) Components of the Delayed Rectifier Potassium Current is Associated With Additional Drug Effects on Lengthening of Cardiac Repolarization Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, January 1, 1999; 4(3): 143 - 150. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Qu, J. N. Weiss, and A. Garfinkel Cardiac electrical restitution properties and stability of reentrant spiral waves: a simulation study Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 1999; 276(1): H269 - H283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhou, S. B. Knisley, W. M. Smith, D. Rollins, A. E. Pollard, and R. E. Ideker Spatial Changes in the Transmembrane Potential During Extracellular Electric Stimulation Circ. Res., November 16, 1998; 83(10): 1003 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Wang, M. C. Trudeau, A. M. Zappia, and G. A. Robertson Regulation of Deactivation by an Amino Terminal Domain in Human Ether-a-go-go -related Gene Potassium Channels J. Gen. Physiol., November 1, 1998; 112(5): 637 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Bryant, X. Wan, S.J. Shipsey, and G. Hart Regional differences in the delayed rectifier current (IKr and IKs) contribute to the differences in action potential duration in basal left ventricular myocytes in guinea-pig Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 1998; 40(2): 322 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Dumaine, M.-L. Roy, and A. M. Brown Blockade of HERG and Kv1.5 by Ketoconazole J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., August 1, 1998; 286(2): 727 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. L. Riemer, E. A. Sobie, and L. Tung Stretch-induced changes in arrhythmogenesis and excitability in experimentally based heart cell models Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 1998; 275(2): H431 - H442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Lu, L. Yue, Z. Wang, and S. Nattel Effects of the Diuretic Agent Indapamide on Na+, Transient Outward, and Delayed Rectifier Currents in Canine Atrial Myocytes Circ. Res., July 27, 1998; 83(2): 158 - 166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Courtemanche, R. J. Ramirez, and S. Nattel Ionic mechanisms underlying human atrial action potential properties: insights from a mathematical model Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 1998; 275(1): H301 - H321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Priebe and D. J. Beuckelmann Simulation Study of Cellular Electric Properties in Heart Failure Circ. Res., June 15, 1998; 82(11): 1206 - 1223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. White, G. P. Walcott, A. E. Pollard, and R. E. Ideker Myocardial Discontinuities : A Substrate for Producing Virtual Electrodes That Directly Excite the Myocardium by Shocks Circulation, May 5, 1998; 97(17): 1738 - 1745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. Bosch, R. Gaspo, A. E. Busch, H. J. Lang, G.-R. Li, and S. Nattel Effects of the chromanol 293B, a selective blocker of the slow, component of the delayed rectifier K+ current, on repolarization in human and guinea pig ventricular myocytes Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 1998; 38(2): 441 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Huelsing, K. W. Spitzer, J. M. Cordeiro, and A. E. Pollard Conduction between isolated rabbit Purkinje and ventricular myocytes coupled by a variable resistance Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 1998; 274(4): H1163 - H1173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. F. Bluhm, W. Y. W. Lew, A. Garfinkel, and A. D. McCulloch Mechanisms of length history-dependent tension in an ionic model of the cardiac myocyte Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 1998; 274(3): H1032 - H1040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nygren, C. Fiset, L. Firek, J. W. Clark, D. S. Lindblad, R. B. Clark, and W. R. Giles Mathematical Model of an Adult Human Atrial Cell : The Role of K+ Currents in Repolarization Circ. Res., January 23, 1998; 82(1): 63 - 81. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Shaw and Y. Rudy Ionic Mechanisms of Propagation in Cardiac Tissue : Roles of the Sodium and L-type Calcium Currents During Reduced Excitability and Decreased Gap Junction Coupling Circ. Res., November 19, 1997; 81(5): 727 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Shaw and Y. Rudy Electrophysiologic effects of acute myocardial ischemia: a theoretical study of altered cell excitability and action potential duration Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 1997; 35(2): 256 - 272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Shaw and Y. Rudy Electrophysiologic Effects of Acute Myocardial Ischemia: A Mechanistic Investigation of Action Potential Conduction and Conduction Failure Circ. Res., January 1, 1997; 80(1): 124 - 138. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Roden, R. Lazzara, M. Rosen, P. J. Schwartz, J. Towbin, and G. M. Vincent Multiple Mechanisms in the Long-QT Syndrome: Current Knowledge, Gaps, and Future Directions Circulation, October 15, 1996; 94(8): 1996 - 2012. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. R. Laurita, S. D. Girouard, and D. S. Rosenbaum Modulation of Ventricular Repolarization by a Premature Stimulus: Role of Epicardial Dispersion of Repolarization Kinetics Demonstrated by Optical Mapping of the Intact Guinea Pig Heart Circ. Res., September 1, 1996; 79(3): 493 - 503. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-L. Roy, R. Dumaine, and A. M. Brown HERG, a Primary Human Ventricular Target of the Nonsedating Antihistamine Terfenadine Circulation, August 15, 1996; 94(4): 817 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.-R. Li, J. Feng, L. Yue, M. Carrier, and S. Nattel Evidence for Two Components of Delayed Rectifier K+ Current in Human Ventricular Myocytes Circ. Res., April 1, 1996; 78(4): 689 - 696. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Gintant Two Components of Delayed Rectifier Current in Canine Atrium and Ventricle : Does IKs Play a Role in the Reverse Rate Dependence of ClassIII Agents? Circ. Res., January 1, 1996; 78(1): 26 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kathofer, W. Zhang, C. Karle, D. Thomas, W. Schoels, and J. Kiehn Functional Coupling of Human beta 3-Adrenoreceptors to the KvLQT1/MinK Potassium Channel J. Biol. Chem., August 25, 2000; 275(35): 26743 - 26747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Weerapura, S. Nattel, D. Chartier, R. Caballero, and T. E Hebert A comparison of currents carried by HERG, with and without coexpression of MiRP1, and the native rapid delayed rectifier current. Is MiRP1 the missing link? J. Physiol., April 1, 2002; 540(1): 15 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Clancy and Y. Rudy Na+ Channel Mutation That Causes Both Brugada and Long-QT Syndrome Phenotypes: A Simulation Study of Mechanism Circulation, March 12, 2002; 105(10): 1208 - 1213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Gima and Y. Rudy Ionic Current Basis of Electrocardiographic Waveforms: A Model Study Circ. Res., May 3, 2002; 90(8): 889 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|