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(Circulation Research. 2008;102:695.)
© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.

Cellular Biology

Ca²⁺/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II and Protein Kinase D Overexpression Reinforce the Histone Deacetylase 5 Redistribution in Heart Failure

Julie Bossuyt, Kathryn Helmstadter, Xu Wu, Hugh Clements-Jewery, Robert S. Haworth, Metin Avkiran, Jody L. Martin, Steven M. Pogwizd, Donald M. Bers

From the Departments of Physiology (J.B., K.H., X.W., H.C.-J., D.M.B.) and Medicine (S.M.P.) and Cardiovascular Institute (J.L.M.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Ill; and Cardiovascular Division (R.S.H., M.A.), King’s College London, United Kingdom.

Correspondence to Donald M. Bers, Department of Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153. E-mail dbers{at}lumc.edu

Cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (HF) are associated with reactivation of fetal cardiac genes, and class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) (eg, HDAC5) have been strongly implicated in this process. We have shown previously that inositol trisphosphate, Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and protein kinase (PK)D are involved in HDAC5 phosphorylation and nuclear export in normal adult ventricular myocytes and also that CaMKII and inositol trisphosphate receptors are upregulated in HF. Here we tested whether, in our rabbit HF model, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HDAC5 was altered either at baseline or in response to endothelin-1, which would indicate HDAC5 phosphorylation and transcription effects. The fusion protein HDAC5–green fluorescent protein (HDAC5-GFP) was more cytosolic in HF myocytes (F_nuc/F_cyto 3.3±0.3 vs 7.2±0.4 in control), and HDAC5 was more phosphorylated. Despite this baseline cytosolic HDAC5 shift, endothelin-1 produced more rapid HDAC5-GFP nuclear export in HF versus control myocytes. We also find that PKD and CaMKII_C expression and activation state are increased in both rabbit and human HF. Inhibition of either CaMKII or PKD in HF myocytes partially restored the HDAC5-GFP F_nuc/F_cyto toward control, and simultaneous inhibition restored F_nuc/F_cyto to that in control myocytes. Moreover, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PKD, CaMKII_B, or CaMKII_C reduced baseline HDAC5 F_nuc/F_cyto in control myocytes (3.4±0.5, 3.8±0.5, and 5.2±0.5, respectively), approaching that seen in HF. We conclude that chronic upregulation and activation of inositol trisphosphate receptors, CaMKII, and PKD in HF shifts HDAC5 out of the nucleus, derepressing transcription of hypertrophic genes. This may directly contribute to the development and/or maintenance of HF.

Key Words: heart failure • histone deacetylase • protein kinase D • Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

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