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(Circulation Research. 2007;101:839.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.

Integrative Physiology

Spatial Distribution of Fibrosis Governs Fibrillation Wave Dynamics in the Posterior Left Atrium During Heart Failure

Kazuhiko Tanaka^*, Sharon Zlochiver^*, Karen. L. Vikstrom^*, Masatoshi Yamazaki, Javier Moreno, Matthew Klos, Alexey. V. Zaitsev, Ravi Vaidyanathan, David S. Auerbach, Steve Landas, Gérard Guiraudon, José Jalife, Omer Berenfeld, Jérôme Kalifa

From the Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Pharmacology (K.T., S.Z., K.L.V., M.Y., J.M., M.K., A.V.Z., R.V., D.S.A., S.L., J.J., O.B., J.K.), SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; and Canadian Surgery Technologies and Advanced Robotics (G.G.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.

Correspondence to Omer Berenfeld, PhD, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, SUNY Upstate Medical University,750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210. E-mail berenfeo{at}upstate.edu

Heart failure (HF) commonly results in atrial fibrillation (AF) and fibrosis, but how the distribution of fibrosis impacts AF dynamics has not been studied. HF was induced in sheep by ventricular tachypacing (220 bpm, 6 to 7 weeks). Optical mapping (Di-4-ANEPPS, 300 frames/sec) of the posterior left atrial (PLA) endocardium was performed during sustained AF (burst pacing) in Langendorff-perfused HF (n=7, 4 µmol/L acetylcholine; n=3, no acetylcholine) and control (n=6) hearts. PLA breakthroughs were the most frequent activation pattern in both groups (72.0±4.6 and 90.2±2.7%, HF and control, respectively). However, unlike control, HF breakthroughs preferentially occurred at the PLAs periphery near the pulmonary vein ostia, and their beat-to-beat variability was greater than control (1.93±0.14 versus 1.47±0.07 changes/[beats/sec], respectively, P<0.05). On histological analysis (picrosirius red), the area of diffuse fibrosis was larger in HF (23.4±0.4%) than control (14.1±0.6%; P<0.001, n=4). Also the number and size of fibrous patches were significantly larger and their location was more peripheral in HF than control. Computer simulations using 2-dimensional human atrial models with structural and ionic remodeling as in HF demonstrated that changes in AF activation frequency and dynamics were controlled by the interaction of electrical waves with clusters of fibrotic patches of various sizes and individual pulmonary vein ostia. During AF in failing hearts, heterogeneous spatial distribution of fibrosis at the PLA governs AF dynamics and fractionation.

Key Words: heart failure • atrial fibrillation • fibrosis • mapping • numerical simulations

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Mounting Evidence That Fibrosis Generates a Major Mechanism for Atrial Fibrillation

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