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(Circulation Research. 2007;101:27.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.

Reviews

Adiposity and Cardiovascular Disorders

Disturbance of the Regulatory System Consisting of Humoral and Neuronal Signals

Hideki Katagiri, Tetsuya Yamada, Yoshitomo Oka

From the Division of Advanced Therapeutics for Metabolic Diseases, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research (H.K.); and Division of Molecular Metabolism and Diabetes (T.Y., Y.O.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.

Correspondence to Hideki Katagiri, MD, PhD, Division of Advanced Therapeutics for Metabolic Diseases, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan. E-mail katagiri{at}mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

This Review is part of a thematic series on Adipocyte Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, which includes the following articles:

Adipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease

Adipocyte Signaling and Lipid Homeostasis: Sequelae of Insulin Resistant Adipose Tissue

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: The Search for a Unifying Hypothesis

Adiposity and Cardiovascular Disorders: Disturbance of the Regulatory System Consisting of Humoral and Neuronal Signals

PPAR Activation and the Effects on the Vasculature
Philipp Scherer Guest Editor

Obesity, a major healthcare issue, is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidities, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Numerous intensive studies conducted this decade have revealed that adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ that secretes a variety of bioactive substances, termed adipocytokines. Adipocytokine secretion profiles are altered as obesity develops, which may increase the risk of obesity-related cardiovascular disorders. For instance, leptin is upregulated in obese subjects and plays important roles in the pathophysiology of obesity-related atherogenesis through multiple mechanisms, such as its proliferative, proinflammatory, prothrombotic, and prooxidant actions. In contrast, adiponectin, which is downregulated in obese subjects, has protective effects against cardiovascular disorders at various atherogenic stages. In addition to these factors secreted by adipose tissue, neuronal circuits involving autonomic nerves are now being recognized as an important metabolic regulatory system and have thus attracted considerable attentions. Alterations in fat accumulation in intraabdominal organs, such as visceral adipose tissue and the liver, send afferent neuronal signals to the brain, leading to modulation of sympathetic tonus and thereby affecting the vasculature. Moreover, these humoral and neuronal signaling pathways communicate with each other, resulting in cooperative metabolic regulation among tissues/organs throughout the body. Further elucidation of these regulatory systems is anticipated to lead to new approaches to devising therapeutic strategies for the metabolic syndrome.

Key Words: adipocytokines • autonomic nervous system • metabolic syndrome • atherosclerosis • hypertension

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