Published online before print September 1, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000184684.88750.FE
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Submitted on July 26, 2004
Revised on November 29, 2004
Accepted on August 23, 2005
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
Inhibits Myocardin-Dependent Transcription and Hypertrophy Induction Through Site-Specific Phosphorylation
Cornel Badorff ;
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Dimmeler{at}em.uni-frankfurt.de.
Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is transcriptionally controlled and inhibited by glycogen synthase kinase 3
(GSK3). Myocardin is a muscle-specific transcription factor with yet unknown relation to hypertrophy. Therefore, we investigated whether myocardin is sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and whether myocardin is regulated by GSK3 through site-specific phosphorylation. Adenoviral myocardin overexpression induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, with increased cell size, total protein amount, and transcription of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). In vitro and in vivo (HEK 293 cells) kinase assays with synthetic peptides and full-length myocardin demonstrated that myocardin was a "primed" GSK3 substrate, with serines 455 to 467 and 624 to 636 being the major GSK3 phosphorylation sites. Myocardin-induced ANF transcription and increase in total protein amount were enhanced by GSK3 blockade (10 mmol/L LiCl), indicating that GSK3 inhibits myocardin. A GSK3 phosphorylation-resistant myocardin mutant (8xA) activated ANF transcription twice as potently as wildtype myocardin under basal condition with GSK3 being active. Conversely, a GSK3 phospho-mimetic myocardin mutant (8xD) was transcriptionally repressed after GSK3 blockade, indicating that GSK3 phosphorylation at the sites identified inhibits myocardin transcriptional activity. GAL4-myocardin fusion constructs demonstrated that GSK3 phosphorylation reduced the intrinsic myocardin transcriptional activity. A cell-permeable (Antennapedia protein transduction tag) peptide containing the mapped myocardin GSK3 motifs 624 to 636 induced hypertrophy of cultured cardiomyocytes, suggesting that the peptide acted as substrate-based GSK3 inhibitor in cardiomyocytes. Therefore, we conclude that the GSK3-myocardin interaction constitutes a novel molecular control of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Phosphorylation by GSK3 comprises a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism of myocardin.
Key words: cardiomyocytes • hypertrophy • myocardin • transcription factors
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