Circulation Research. 2005
Published online before print January 20, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000156891.66893.83
Published online before print January 20, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000156891.66893.83
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Submitted on November 13, 2003
Revised on January 11, 2005
Accepted on January 12, 2005
Action Potential Duration Restitution and Alternans in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes. The Key Role of Intracellular Calcium Cycling
Joshua I. Goldhaber *;
From the UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jgoldhaber{at}mednet.ucla.edu.
Action potential duration (APD) restitution properties and repolarization alternans are thought to be important arrhythmogenic factors. We investigated the role of intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) cycling in regulating APD restitution slope and repolarization (APD) alternans in patch-clamped rabbit ventricular myocytes at 34 to 37°C, using the perforated or ruptured patch clamp techniques with Fura-2-AM to record Ca2+i. When APD restitution was measured by either the standard extrastimulus (S1S2) method or the dynamic rapid pacing method, the maximum APD restitution slope exceeded 1 by both methods, but was more shallow with the dynamic method. These differences were associated with greater Ca2+i accumulation during dynamic pacing. The onset of APD alternans occurred at diastolic intervals at which the APD restitution slope was significantly <1 and was abolished by suppressing sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+i cycling with thapsigargin and ryanodine, or buffering the global Ca2+i transient with BAPTA-AM or BAPTA. Thapsigargin and ryanodine flattened APD restitution slope to <1 when measured by the dynamic method, but not by the S1S2 method. BAPTA-AM or BAPTA failed to flatten APD restitution slope to <1 by either method. In conclusion, APD alternans requires intact Ca2+i cycling and is not reliably predicted by APD restitution slope when Ca2+i cycling is suppressed. Ca2+i cycling may contribute to differences between APD restitution curves measured by S1S2 versus dynamic pacing protocols by inducing short-term memory effects related to pacing-dependent Ca2+i accumulation.
Key words: alternans • arrhythmia • Ca2+ transients • action potential restitution
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