Published online before print January 13, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000155723.53868.d2
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Submitted on July 20, 2004
Revised on December 10, 2004
Accepted on January 3, 2005
Dual Mechanisms Regulating AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Action in the Ischemic Heart
Suzanne Baron ;
From the Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.B., J.L., R.R.R., E.J.M., L.H.Y.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Institute of Cell Biology (D.N., R.T., T.W.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Hoenggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine and Biochemistry (R.H., L.A.W.), Dartmouth Medical School, and Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: lawrence.young{at}yale.edu.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is emerging as an important signaling protein during myocardial ischemia. AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex containing an 
catalytic subunit and 
and 
regulatory subunits. Phosphorylation of Thr172 in the activation loop of the subunit by upstream AMPK kinase(s) (AMPKK) is a critical determinant of AMPK activity. However, the mechanisms regulating AMPK phosphorylation in the ischemic heart remain uncertain and were therefore investigated. In the isolated working rat heart, low-flow ischemia rapidly activated AMPKK activity when measured using recombinant AMPK (rAMPK) as substrate. The addition of AMP (10 to 200 µmol/L) augmented the ability of heterotrimeric 111 or 211 rAMPK to be phosphorylated by heart AMPKK in vitro, whereas physiologic concentrations of ATP inhibited rAMPK phosphorylation. However, neither AMP nor ATP directly influenced AMPKK activity: they had no effect on AMPKK-mediated phosphorylation of rAMPK substrates lacking normal AMP-binding subunits (isolated truncated 11-312 or 111 rAMPK containing an R70Q mutation in the 1 AMP-binding site). Regional ischemia in vivo also increased AMPKK activity and AMPK phosphorylation in the rat heart. AMPK phosphorylation could also be induced in vivo without activating AMPKK: AICAR infusion increased AMPK phosphorylation without activating AMPKK; however, the AMP-mimetic AICAR metabolite ZMP enhanced the ability of heterotrimeric rAMPK to be phosphorylated by AMPKK. Thus, heart AMPKK activity is increased by ischemia and its ability to phosphorylate AMPK is highly modulated by the interaction of AMP and ATP with the heterotrimeric AMPK complex, indicating that dual mechanisms regulate AMPKK action in the ischemic heart.
Key words: AMP-activated protein kinase • AMPK kinase • ischemia
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