Circulation Research. 2003
Published online before print August 14, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000090998.08629.60
Published online before print August 14, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000090998.08629.60
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Submitted on November 25, 2002
Revised on July 30, 2003
Accepted on August 1, 2003
Ca2+-Dependent Activation of Rho and Rho Kinase in Membrane Depolarization-Induced and Receptor Stimulation-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction
Sotaro Sakurada ;
From the Department of Physiology (S.S., N.T., N.S., Y.W., Y.T.), Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan; Asahi Chemical Industry (M.S.), Fuji, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology (Y.S.), Kitazato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ytakuwa{at}med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
Ca2+ sensitization of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) contraction involves Rho-dependent and Rho-kinase-dependent suppression of myosin phosphatase activity. We previously demonstrated that excitatory agonists in fact induce activation of RhoA in VSM. In this study, we demonstrate a novel Ca2+-dependent mechanism for activating RhoA in rabbit aortic VSM. High KCl-induced membrane depolarization as well as noradrenalin stimulation induced similar extents of sustained contraction in rabbit VSM. Both stimuli also induced similar extents of time-dependent, sustained increases in the amount of an active GTP-bound form of RhoA. Consistent with this, the Rho kinase inhibitors HA1077 and Y27632 inhibited both contraction and the 20-kDa myosin light chain phosphorylation induced by KCl as well as noradrenalin, with similar dose-response relations. Either removal of extracellular Ca2+ or the addition of a dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonist totally abolished KCl-induced Rho stimulation and contraction. The calmodulin inhibitor W7 suppressed KCl-induced Rho activation and contraction. Ionomycin mimicked W7-sensitive Rho activation. The expression of dominant-negative N19RhoA suppressed Ca2+-induced Thr695 phosphorylation of the 110-kDa regulatory subunit of myosin phosphatase and phosphorylation of myosin light chain in VSM cells. Finally, either the combination of extracellular Ca2+ removal and depletion of the intracellular Ca2+ store or the addition of W7 greatly reduced noradrenalin-induced and the thromboxane A2 analogue-induced Rho stimulation and contraction. Taken together, these results indicate the existence of the thus-far unrecognized Ca2+-dependent Rho stimulation mechanism in VSM. Excitatory receptor agonists are suggested to use this pathway for simulating Rho.
Key words: contraction • smooth muscle • Rho • Rho kinase • Ca2+
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