Circulation Research. 2003
Published online before print March 27, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000068405.49081.09
Published online before print March 27, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000068405.49081.09
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Submitted on September 19, 2002
Revised on February 25, 2003
Accepted on March 13, 2003
Myocardin Is a Key Regulator of CArG-Dependent Transcription of Multiple Smooth Muscle Marker Genes
Tadashi Yoshida ;
From the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.Y., S.S., F.D., B.R.W., M.H.H., G.K.O.) and Microbiology (B.E.K.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va; and the Department of Molecular Biology (D.-Z.W., E.N.O.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gko{at}virginia.edu.
The interactions between serum response factor (SRF) and CArG elements are critical for smooth muscle cell (SMC) marker gene transcription. However, the mechanisms whereby SRF, which is expressed ubiquitously, contributes to SMC-specific transcription are unknown. Myocardin was recently cloned as a coactivator of SRF in the heart, but its role in regulating CArG-dependent expression of SMC differentiation marker genes has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we examined the expression and the function of myocardin in SMCs. In adult mice, myocardin mRNA was expressed in multiple smooth muscle (SM) tissues including the aorta, bladder, stomach, intestine, and colon, as well as the heart. Myocardin was also expressed in cultured rat aortic SMCs and A404 SMC precursor cells. Of particular interest, expression of myocardin was induced during differentiation of A404 cells, although it was not expressed in parental P19 cells from which A404 cells were derived. Cotransfection studies in SMCs revealed that myocardin induced the activity of multiple SMC marker gene promoters including SM 
-actin, SM-myosin heavy chain, and SM22 by 9- to 60-fold in a CArG-dependent manner, whereas myocardin short interfering RNA markedly decreased activity of these promoters. Moreover, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of a dominant-negative form of myocardin significantly suppressed expression of endogenous SMC marker genes, whereas adenovirus-mediated overexpression of wild-type myocardin increased expression. Taken together, results provide compelling evidence that myocardin plays a key role as a transcriptional coactivator of SMC marker genes through CArG-dependent mechanisms.
Key words: smooth muscle cells • transcriptional coactivator • serum response factor • CArG element
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J. M. Miano, N. Ramanan, M. A. Georger, K. L. de Mesy Bentley, R. L. Emerson, R. O. Balza Jr., Q. Xiao, H. Weiler, D. D. Ginty, and R. P. Misra Restricted inactivation of serum response factor to the cardiovascular system PNAS, December 7, 2004; 101(49): 17132 - 17137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sinha, M. H. Hoofnagle, P. A. Kingston, M. E. McCanna, and G. K. Owens Transforming growth factor-{beta}1 signaling contributes to development of smooth muscle cells from embryonic stem cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): C1560 - C1568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. M. Spin, S. Nallamshetty, R. Tabibiazar, E. A. Ashley, J. Y. King, M. Chen, P. S. Tsao, and T. Quertermous Transcriptional profiling of in vitro smooth muscle cell differentiation identifies specific patterns of gene and pathway activation Physiol Genomics, November 17, 2004; 19(3): 292 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B.R. Wamhoff, M.H. Hoofnagle, A. Burns, S. Sinha, O.G. McDonald, and G.K. Owens A G/C Element Mediates Repression of the SM22{alpha} Promoter Within Phenotypically Modulated Smooth Muscle Cells in Experimental Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., November 12, 2004; 95(10): 981 - 988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Lockman, J. S. Hinson, M. D. Medlin, D. Morris, J. M. Taylor, and C. P. Mack Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Stimulates Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation and Proliferation by Activating Separate Serum Response Factor Co-factors J. Biol. Chem., October 8, 2004; 279(41): 42422 - 42430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Oh, Z. Wang, D.-Z. Wang, C.-L. Lien, W. Xing, and E. N. Olson Target Gene-Specific Modulation of Myocardin Activity by GATA Transcription Factors Mol. Cell. Biol., October 1, 2004; 24(19): 8519 - 8528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Parmacek Myocardin--Not Quite MyoD Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2004; 24(9): 1535 - 1537. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Takeji, N. Kawada, T. Moriyama, K. Nagatoya, S. Oseto, S. Akira, M. Hori, E. Imai, and T. Miwa CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein {delta} Contributes to Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation and Renal Disease Progression J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2004; 15(9): 2383 - 2390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Yoshida, K. Kawai-Kowase, and G. K. Owens Forced Expression of Myocardin Is Not Sufficient for Induction of Smooth Muscle Differentiation in Multipotential Embryonic Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2004; 24(9): 1596 - 1601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. R. Reynolds, M. L. Mucenski, T. D. Le Cras, W. C. Nichols, and J. A. Whitsett Midkine Is Regulated by Hypoxia and Causes Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling J. Biol. Chem., August 27, 2004; 279(35): 37124 - 37132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Han, X. Li, J. Wu, and E. N. Olson A myocardin-related transcription factor regulates activity of serum response factor in Drosophila PNAS, August 24, 2004; 101(34): 12567 - 12572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Miano Channeling to Myocardin Circ. Res., August 20, 2004; 95(4): 340 - 342. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B.R. Wamhoff, D.K. Bowles, O.G. McDonald, S. Sinha, A.P. Somlyo, A.V. Somlyo, and G.K. Owens L-type Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels Modulate Expression of Smooth Muscle Differentiation Marker Genes via a Rho Kinase/Myocardin/SRF-Dependent Mechanism Circ. Res., August 20, 2004; 95(4): 406 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Albinsson, I. Nordstrom, and P. Hellstrand Stretch of the Vascular Wall Induces Smooth Muscle Differentiation by Promoting Actin Polymerization J. Biol. Chem., August 13, 2004; 279(33): 34849 - 34855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kawai-Kowase, H. Sato, Y. Oyama, H. Kanai, M. Sato, H. Doi, and M. Kurabayashi Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Antagonizes Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1-Induced Smooth Muscle Gene Expression Through Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Signaling Pathway Activation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2004; 24(8): 1384 - 1390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. K. Owens, M. S. Kumar, and B. R. Wamhoff Molecular Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation in Development and Disease Physiol Rev, July 1, 2004; 84(3): 767 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Brunelli, E. Tagliafico, F. G. De Angelis, R. Tonlorenzi, S. Baesso, S. Ferrari, M. Niinobe, K. Yoshikawa, R. J. Schwartz, I. Bozzoni, et al. Msx2 and Necdin Combined Activities Are Required for Smooth Muscle Differentiation in Mesoangioblast Stem Cells Circ. Res., June 25, 2004; 94(12): 1571 - 1578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Anderson, E. Dodou, A. B. Heidt, S. J. De Val, E. J. Jaehnig, S. B. Greene, E. N. Olson, and B. L. Black HRC Is a Direct Transcriptional Target of MEF2 during Cardiac, Skeletal, and Arterial Smooth Muscle Development In Vivo Mol. Cell. Biol., May 1, 2004; 24(9): 3757 - 3768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Yoshida, M. H. Hoofnagle, and G. K. Owens Myocardin and Prx1 Contribute to Angiotensin II-Induced Expression of Smooth Muscle {alpha}-Actin Circ. Res., April 30, 2004; 94(8): 1075 - 1082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Du, M. Chen, J. Li, J. J. Lepore, P. Mericko, and M. S. Parmacek Megakaryoblastic Leukemia Factor-1 Transduces Cytoskeletal Signals and Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation from Undifferentiated Embryonic Stem Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 2004; 279(17): 17578 - 17586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. B. Pilz and D. E. Casteel Regulation of Gene Expression by Cyclic GMP Circ. Res., November 28, 2003; 93(11): 1034 - 1046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Selvaraj and R. Prywes Megakaryoblastic Leukemia-1/2, a Transcriptional Co-activator of Serum Response Factor, Is Required for Skeletal Myogenic Differentiation J. Biol. Chem., October 24, 2003; 278(43): 41977 - 41987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Kelm Jr., S.-X. Wang, J. A. Polikandriotis, and A. R. Strauch Structure/Function Analysis of Mouse Pur{beta}, a Single-stranded DNA-binding Repressor of Vascular Smooth Muscle {alpha}-Actin Gene Transcription J. Biol. Chem., October 3, 2003; 278(40): 38749 - 38757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. N. Olson and M. D. Schneider Sizing up the heart: development redux in disease Genes & Dev., August 15, 2003; 17(16): 1937 - 1956. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Li, D.-Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J. A. Richardson, and E. N. Olson The serum response factor coactivator myocardin is required for vascular smooth muscle development PNAS, August 5, 2003; 100(16): 9366 - 9370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Wang, D.-Z. Wang, G. C. T. Pipes, and E. N. Olson Myocardin is a master regulator of smooth muscle gene expression PNAS, June 10, 2003; 100(12): 7129 - 7134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Beckman Rise to Power Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ., May 28, 2003; 2003(21): nw75 - 75. [Full Text]
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M. W. Majesky Decisions, Decisions ... SRF Coactivators and Smooth Muscle Myogenesis Circ. Res., May 2, 2003; 92(8): 824 - 826. [Full Text] [PDF]
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