Circulation Research. 2003
Published online before print January 23, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000057997.77714.72
Published online before print January 23, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000057997.77714.72
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Submitted on July 12, 2002
Revised on January 14, 2003
Accepted on January 15, 2003
VEGFR-1-Selective VEGF Homologue PlGF Is Arteriogenic. Evidence for a Monocyte-Mediated Mechanism
Frederic Pipp *;
From the Max-Planck-Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research (F.P., M.H., K.I, T.Z., S.M., B.F., W.S., M.C.), Bad Nauheim, Germany; the German Research Centre for Biotechnology (J.v.d.H., H.W.), Braunschweig, Germany; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine (G.G.), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; and the Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy (P.C.), Leuven, Belgium.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: f.pipp{at}kerckhoff.mpg.de.
Two signaling receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the vasculature are known with not yet well-understood roles in collateral vessel growth (arteriogenesis). In this study, we examined the involvement of the two VEGF receptors in arteriogenesis. Therefore, we used the VEGF homologue placenta growth factor (PlGF), which only binds to VEGFR-1 and VEGF-E, which only recognizes VEGFR-2. These peptides were locally infused over 7 days after ligation of the femoral artery in the rabbit. Evaluation of collateral growth by determining collateral conductance and angiographic scores demonstrated that the VEGFR-1-specific PlGF contributed significantly more to arteriogenesis than the VEGFR-2 specific VEGF-E. The combination of VEGF-E and PlGF did not exceed the effect of PlGF alone, indicating that cooperation of the two VEGF receptors in endothelial cell signaling is not required for arteriogenesis. In an in vitro model of angiogenesis, VEGF and VEGF-E were comparably active, whereas PlGF displayed no activity when given alone and did not further increase the effects of VEGF or VEGF-E. However, PlGF was as potent as VEGF when monocyte activation was assessed by monitoring integrin surface expression. In addition, accumulation of activated monocytes/macrophages in the periphery of collateral vessels in PlGF-treated animals was observed. Furthermore, in monocyte-depleted animals, the ability of PlGF to enhance collateral growth in the rabbit model and to rescue impaired arteriogenesis in PlGF gene-deficient mice was abrogated. Together, these data indicate that the arteriogenic activity observed with the VEGFR-1-specific PlGF is caused by its monocyte-activating properties.
Key words: arteriogenesis • monocytes • endothelial cells • PlGF • vascular endothelial growth factor receptors
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