Published online before print January 16, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000056532.18710.C0
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Submitted on October 4, 2002
Revised on January 6, 2003
Accepted on January 6, 2003
Onset of Cardiac Function During Early Mouse Embryogenesis Coincides With Entry of Primitive Erythroblasts Into the Embryo Proper
Rui Ping Ji ;
From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine (R.P.J., C.K.L.P., O.A., D.H.T.), Pediatric Cardiology Program (C.K.L.P.), and Departments of Radiology and Pathology (D.H.T.), New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; and Department of Pediatrics (K.E.M., J.P.) and Center for Human Genetics and Molecular Pediatric Disease (K.E.M., J.P.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: colin.phoon{at}med.nyu.edu.
When cardiac function and blood flow are first established are fundamental questions in mammalian embryogenesis. The earliest erythroblasts arise in yolk sac blood islands and subsequently enter the embryo proper to initiate circulation. Embryos staged 0 to 30 somites (S) were examined in utero with 40- to 50-MHz ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM)-Doppler, to determine onset of embryonic heartbeat and blood flow and to characterize basic physiology of the very early mouse embryonic circulation. A heartbeat was first detected at 5 S, and blood vascular flow at 7 S. Heart rate, peak arterial velocity, and velocity-time integral showed progressive increases that indicated a dramatically increasing cardiac output from even the earliest stages. In situ hybridization revealed an onset of the heartbeat coincident with the appearance of yolk sac-derived erythroblasts in the embryo proper at 5 S. Early maturation of the circulation follows a tightly coordinated program.
Key words: embryonic circulation • echocardiography • ultrasound biomicroscopy • cardiac development
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