Circulation Research. 2002
Published online before print May 9, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000021432.70309.28
Published online before print May 9, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000021432.70309.28
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Submitted on November 7, 2001
Revised on April 29, 2002
Accepted on April 29, 2002
Mature Vascular Endothelium Can Give Rise to Smooth Muscle Cells via Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transdifferentiation. In Vitro Analysis
Maria G. Frid *;
From the Developmental Lung Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colo.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Maria.Frid{at}UCHSC.edu.
Though in the past believed to be a rare phenomenon, endothelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation has been described with increasing frequency in recent years. It is believed to be important in embryonic vascular development, yet less is known regarding its role in the adult vasculature. Using FACS and immunomagnetic (Dynabeads) purification techniques (based on uptake of DiI-acetylated low-density lipoproteins and/or PECAM-1 expression) and double-label indirect immunostaining (for endothelial and smooth muscle [SM] markers), we demonstrate that mature bovine vascular endothelium contains cells of an endothelial phenotype (defined by VE-cadherin, von Willebrand factor, PECAM-1, and elevated uptake of acetylated low-density lipoproteins) that can undergo endothelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation and further differentiate into SM cells (as defined by expression of 
-SM-actin, SM22, calponin, and SM-myosin). "Transitional" cells, coexpressing both endothelial markers and -SM-actin, were consistently observed. The percentage of cells capable of endothelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation within primary endothelial cultures was estimated as 0.01% to 0.03%. Acquisition of a SM phenotype occurred even in the absence of proliferation, in 
-irradiated (30 Gy) and/or mitomycin C--treated primary cell cultures. Initiation of transdifferentiation correlated with disruption of cell-cell contacts (marked by loss of VE-cadherin expression) within endothelial monolayers, as well as with the action of transforming growth factor-ß1. In conclusion, our in vitro data show that mature bovine aortic endothelium contains cells that can acquire a SM phenotype via a transdifferentiation process that is transforming growth factor-ß1-- and cell-cell contact--dependent, but proliferation-independent.
Key words: endothelial cell • transforming growth factor-ß • smooth muscle myosin • mesenchymal cell
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