Published online before print August 17, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000241051.83067.62
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
UltraRapid Communication |
Increased Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Prostaglandin-Mediated Dilation in Coronary Arterioles of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
From the Institute of Cardiology (T.S., N.E., T.F., E.T.P., I.E., Z.B.), University of Debrecen, Hungary; the Department of Physiology (A.K.), New York Medical College, Valhalla; and the Department of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
Correspondence to Zsolt Bagi MD, PhD, Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, H-4032 Debrecen, Moricz Zs. krt 22. Hungary. E-mail bagizs{at}jaguar.unideb.hu
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Based on findings of experimental models of diabetes mellitus (DM) showing increased expression of vascular cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), we hypothesized that in patients with DM changes in COX-2–dependent prostaglandin synthesis affect vasomotor responses of coronary arterioles. Arterioles were dissected from the right atrial appendages obtained at the time of cardiac surgery of patient with DM(+) or without documented diabetes DM(–). Isolated arterioles (89±15 µm in diameter) were cannulated and pressurized (at 80 mm Hg), and changes in diameter were measured with video microscopy. After spontaneous tone developed [DM(–): 32±7%; DM(+): 37±5%; P=NS], arteriolar responses to bradykinin were investigated. Dilations to bradykinin (0.1 nmol/L to 1 µmol/L) were significantly (P<0.05) greater in DM(+) than DM(–) patients (10 nmol/L: 77±10% versus 38±14%). In both groups, dilations were similar to the NO-donor, sodium nitroprusside. In arterioles of DM(+), but not those of DM(–), patients’ bradykinin-induced dilations were reduced by the nonselective COX inhibitor indomethacin or by the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (DM(+) at 10 nmol/L: to 20±4% and 29±7%, respectively). Correspondingly, a marked COX-2 immunostaining was detected in coronary arterioles of DM(+), but not in those of DM(–) patients. We conclude that in coronary arterioles of diabetic patients bradykinin induces enhanced COX-2–derived prostaglandin-mediated dilation. These findings are the first to show that in humans diabetes mellitus increases COX-2 expression and dilator prostaglandin synthesis in coronary arterioles, which may serve to increase dilator capacity and maintain adequate perfusion of cardiac tissues.
Key Words: diabetes mellitus • human coronary arteriole • endothelium • bradykinin • cyclooxygenase 2 • prostacyclin
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Development of macrovascular diseases, such as atherosclerotic plaque formation and atherothrombosis, are common among patients with diabetes mellitus contributing to the increased incidence of acute myocardial infarction.1 However, much less is known regarding the specific alterations in vasomotor responses of coronary microvessels of patients with diabetes,2 which could lead to disturbed regulation of myocardial blood flow. Changes in the vasomotor function of coronary resistance arterioles have particular importance, because reduced coronary flow reserve has been previously reported in diabetic patients, despite intact vascular morphology.3,4 Development of endothelial dysfunction likely represents an early manifestation of diabetes-related macro- and microvascular complications.5 Correspondingly, experimental studies on animals have revealed that dilator mechanisms intrinsic to coronary vascular wall are impaired in diabetes mellitus.6–9 Recent studies on animal models of diabetes mellitus have suggested a pivotal role for alterations in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)–dependent synthesis of prostaglandins affecting vasodilator mechanisms.10,11 In the canine coronary circulation, COX-2–derived prostacyclin contributed to the agonist-induced dilator responses.12
Less, if any, is known regarding the role of prostaglandins in human heart, although COX-2 seems to play an important role in prostacyclin biosynthesis in several organs and tissues in healthy humans.13 Interestingly, it was shown that in patients with atherosclerosis, COX-2 is widely expressed in the atherosclerotic plaques and in the arterial wall.14 However, it is not known if COX-2 expression is altered in the human coronary arterioles and whether it has an impact on prostaglandin-mediated coronary vasomotor responses in patients with diabetes mellitus. Based on the above we hypothesized that COX-2 expression is increased in coronary arterioles of patients with diabetes mellitus, and it modifies agonist-induced prostaglandin-mediated vasomotor responses.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patient Characteristics
All protocols were approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center. All patients were given written information about the experimental use of human specimen. Patients who underwent coronary bypass or valve replacement surgery were chosen. Patients were divided into two groups, with or without documented diabetes mellitus.
Isolation of Coronary Arterioles
With the use of microsurgical instruments and an operating microscope, the coronary arteriole (&1 mm in length) from the right atrial appendage was isolated and cannulated, as described previously.7 The cannulated arteriole was connected with silicone tubing to a pressure servo control system (Living Systems Instrumentation) to set the intraluminal pressure to 80 mm Hg. Changes in arteriolar diameter were continuously recorded with a digital camera (CFW1310; Scion Corp), connected to a microscope (Nikon, Eclipse 80i).
Experimental Protocols
During an incubation period of 1 hour, a spontaneous myogenic tone developed in the isolated coronary arterioles in response to the intraluminal pressure of 80 mm Hg. In the first series of experiments, cumulative concentrations of the endothelium-dependent dilator bradykinin (0.1 nmol/L to 1 µmol/L) and the endothelium-independent dilator sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1 nmol/L to 10 µmol/L) were administered to the arterioles and changes in diameter were measured. The same protocols were repeated in the presence of indomethacin (10 µmol/L, for 30 minutes), a nonspecific inhibitor of the COX. Arterioles were also incubated in the presence of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-39810 (10 µmol/L, for 30 minutes) and agonist-induced arteriolar responses were obtained again.
Immunohistochemistry
Atrial appendages from DM(–) (n=8) and DM(+) patients (n=8) were embedded and frozen in OCT compound (Tissue Tek, Electron Microscopy Sciences). Acetone-fixed consecutive sections (10 µm thick) were immunolabeled with a polyclonal anti–COX-2 primary antibody (dilution 1:100; Cayman Chemicals). Immunostainings were visualized using the avidin-biotin horseradish peroxidase visualization systems (Vectastain kit; Vector Laboratories), stained with DAB. Immunofluorescent labeling was performed with primary antibodies for COX-2 and smooth muscle 
-actin (Novocastra) and with FITC or Texas Red labeled secondary antibodies (Vector Laboratories and Jackson Immuno Research, respectively). DAPI was used for nuclear staining. For nonspecific binding, the primary antibody was omitted. Images of the sections were collected with a digital camera (CFW 1310C; Scion Corp) connected to a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope.
Data Analysis
Data are expressed as means±SEM. Agonist-induced arteriolar responses and myogenic tone were expressed as changes in arteriolar diameter as a percentage of the maximal dilation defined as the passive diameter of the vessel at 80-mm Hg intraluminal pressure in a Ca2+-free medium, as described previously.10 Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism Software by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test or Student t test as appropriate. Data were fitted assuming the sigmoid dose–response curves and the negative logarithm to base 10 of the ED50 was calculated. Multivariate analysis (logistic regression or MANOVA, as appropriate) were performed to examine the influence of age, sex, and underlying diseases on bradykinin-induced vasodilation and ED50 using NCSS Software. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Vasomotor Responses of Coronary Arterioles
Patient demographics are summarized in Table 1. In the isolated coronary arterioles a spontaneous tone developed in response to 80 mm Hg intraluminal pressure; there were no significant differences between the active (DM(–): 87±17 and DM(+): 77±8 µm) and passive (in Ca2+ free solution, DM(–): 129±15 and DM(+): 144±7 µm) diameters and the calculated myogenic tone (DM(–): 32±7 and DM(+): 37±5%). During the protocols vasoactive agents were applied consecutively after a 20-minute incubation period, and the basal tone was the same at the time of applications of various drugs. Bradykinin (0.1 nmol/L to 1 µmol/L) elicited substantial dilation in coronary arterioles, which was significantly greater in DM(+) than DM(–) patients (Figure 1a), with –log[ED50] values of 8.46±0.18 and 7.77±0.22 (P<0.05), respectively. In both groups, dilations were similar in response to the NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1 nmol/L to 10 µmol/L; Figure 1b), with –log[ED50] values of 7.3±0.28 and 7.23±0.34 (P=NS), respectively. In arterioles of DM(+) patients bradykinin-induced dilations were reduced to the control level by the nonselective COX inhibitor indomethacin (Figure 2b). Also, the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 significantly reduced bradykinin-induced dilations in DM(+) arterioles, and in the presence of COX-2 inhibitor there was no significant difference between the responses of two groups (at bradykinin concentrations of 10 nmol/L, 0.1 µmol/L, 1 µmol/L, DM(–) versus DM(+): 33±9 versus 29±7%, 63±10 versus 64±12%, 83±7 versus 70±15%, respectively; Figure 2c and 2d). Neither indomethacin nor NS-398 significantly affected bradykinin-induced responses in arterioles of DM(–) patients (Figure 2a and 2c). Also, dilations to SNP were not significantly different after incubation with indomethacin or NS-398 in both groups of vessels (at 10–5 mol/L, DM(–) after indomethacin: 88±6%, after NS-398: 87±6%, DM(+) after indomethacin: 86±9%, after NS-398: 82±10%, P=NS from the responses of DM(–)). Incubation of vessels with COX inhibitors did not significantly affect the basal coronary arteriolar diameters during the course of experiments (arteriolar diameters before and after indomethacin in DM(–): 89±9 and 94±8 µm, and in DM(+): 73±6 and 81±12 µm; before and after NS-398, in DM(–): 87±17 and 88±6 µm, and in DM(+): 82±8 and 80±5 µm).
|
|
|
By multivariate analysis, only the presence of diabetes, independent of other risk factors and comorbidities, predicted the enhanced arteriolar dilation to bradykinin (10 nmol/L) and alteration in ED50 value (Table 2). In contrast to bradykinin-induced responses, no underlying diseases were associated with dilation to SNP and its ED50 value (not shown).
|
Immunohistochemistry
No apparent immunostaining for COX-2 was detected in arterioles of DM(–) patients, but COX-2 staining was markedly enhanced in the coronary arterioles from DM(+) patients. COX-2 immunostaining was localized throughout the arteriolar wall, both in endothelial and smooth muscle layers, as detected by costaining of COX-2 and smooth muscle -actin (Figure 3).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Although clinical evidence clearly shows that coronary heart disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Much less is known about the alterations in the coronary microcirculation in diabetic patients. This study is the first to demonstrate that in coronary arterioles of diabetic patients bradykinin-induced dilations are enhanced, likely due to increased release of COX-2–derived dilator prostaglandins.
More than a decade ago, Nitenberg et al showed that despite the presence of angiographically normal coronary arteries and normal left ventricular systolic function, the coronary flow reserve is reduced in diabetic patients.3 Given that, it has been suggested that in diabetes mellitus epicardial atherosclerosis may not be the primary cause resulting in abnormalities in coronary flow reserve, but rather this is attributable to reduction in dilator capacity of coronary vessels.3,4 In this context, in animal models of diabetes mellitus, reduced agonist-6 and flow-induced7,15 endothelium-dependent dilations of coronary arterioles were shown. In humans with diabetes, presence of reduced endothelium-dependent dilation of the large conductance arteries seems to be also well established.5 Much less is known regarding the effect of diabetes on endothelial function of microvessels, especially in the human coronary circulation. In isolated coronary arterioles obtained from diabetic patients, Gutterman and his colleagues have found a reduced dilation in response to hypoxia, and proposed that impairment of ATP sensitive K+-channel activation may be the underlying mechanism for this alteration.9 Also, in the simultaneous presence of NO synthase and COX inhibitors they have found that bradykinin-induced endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-mediated dilations were preserved in the diabetic coronary arterioles.9 It is known that, in addition to NO and EDHF,16 bradykinin-induced coronary arterial responses can be mediated by dilator prostaglandins, such as prostacyclin.17 Bradykinin-induced prostacyclin release in the coronary circulation seems to be especially important when other vasodilator pathways, such as NO-mediated mechanisms, are inhibited.17
Prostaglandins play key roles in the vascular homeostasis, including antithrombotic, antiproliferative, and vasodilator effects.18–20 Interestingly, it has been recently proposed that both in animals12 and in humans COX-2 is the predominant source of vascular prostacyclin synthesis.13 Given that, an enhanced COX-2–derived prostacyclin synthesis might have a particular importance under pathological conditions, when COX-2 expression is significantly increased.14,21 In a mouse model of diabetes mellitus, recent studies have found that vascular COX-2 expression is markedly increased, contributing to the altered prostaglandin-mediated responses of large arteries and skeletal muscle arterioles.10,11 On the basis of the aforementioned it seems logical to hypothesize that vascular expression of COX-2 is enhanced in human coronary arterioles in diabetes, which may modulate prostaglandin-mediated responses.
Role of COX-2-Derived Prostaglandins in Enhanced Coronary Arteriolar Dilation in Diabetes
In the present study, pharmacological inhibitors of prostaglandin, synthesis were used to reveal the role of prostaglandin in mediation of bradykinin-induced dilation, of isolated coronary arterioles. We found that nonselective inhibition of COXs by indomethacin did not significantly affect bradykinin-induced arteriolar dilation in the nondiabetic group, but it significantly reduced bradykinin-induced responses to the control level in coronary arterioles of diabetic patients. Furthermore, selective inhibition of COX-2 also reduced bradykinin-induced coronary dilations in the diabetic group, but had no effect on responses of vessels of nondiabetic group. Because the reduction in bradykinin-induced dilation by the selective COX-2 inhibitor was the same as indomethacin-induced inhibition, we suggest that in coronary arterioles of diabetic patients bradykinin elicits dilator prostaglandin release primarily via stimulating COX-2. In addition to the functional experiments, immunohistochemical studies were performed to detect alteration in the arteriolar expression of COX-2. Compared with nondiabetic patients we have found a marked COX-2 immunostaining in coronary arterioles of diabetic patients, which was localized both to the endothelial and smooth muscle layers of arteriolar wall. These findings are in accordance with our previous observations obtained in an animal model of diabetes mellitus10 and extend them to that of human diabetes. Collectively, our results suggest that in coronary arterioles of patients with diabetes mellitus increased COX-2 expression may contribute to an enhanced synthesis/release of dilator prostaglandin, most likely prostacyclin, on stimulation.
The pathological importance and the underlying mechanisms responsible for the enhanced COX-2 expression in coronary arterioles of diabetic patients, however, are not fully understood. Recently, investigators raise the hypothesis that during the development diabetes mellitus adaptive mechanisms may compensate for the impaired vascular function. For example, loss of NO mediation of dilation has been shown to be associated with an enhanced EDHF mediation in several pathological conditions.22 In addition, at the site of atherosclerotic plaques, a specific involvement of the upregulated COX-2 enzyme and consequent increased prostacyclin production has been proposed, which may limit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation.14 Also, a specific role for COX-2–derived prostaglandins has been proposed in flow-induced adaptive vascular remodeling in an animal model of atherosclerosis.23 In line with these ideas, our present data suggest that in human coronary arterioles upregulation of COX-2 and bradykinin-induced release of dilator prostaglandins, despite the likely presence of disturbed microcirculation, may serve as an adaptive mechanism aiming to reduce the potentially detrimental effects of diabetes on coronary blood flow to cardiac tissue.
We speculate that the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for the upregulation of COX-2 in diabetes are oxidative stress and low grade inflammation, which both have been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.24 In an animal model of diabetes mellitus superoxide production in coronary arterioles was significantly increased,7 whereas in diabetic patients, Guzik et al have demonstrated that vascular production of superoxide is enhanced.25 Interestingly, it has been found that the enhanced superoxide production was associated with increased COX-2 expression in high glucose–treated mesangial cells26 and endothelial cells in culture.27
In the present study, presence of other risk factors and comorbidities should also be considered to contribute to the observed alterations in coronary arterioles. However, multivariate analysis revealed that only the presence of diabetes, independent of other risk factors and comorbidities, predicted the enhanced coronary dilation to bradykinin. It should be noted that in our study population there was a higher proportion of coronary artery disease in the diabetic group, therefore we cannot entirely exclude the possible impact of coronary artery disease on diabetic microvascular alterations. Also, at this age it is likely that both nondiabetic and diabetic patients had some degree of coronary heart disease without it being clinically apparent.
Clinical Relevance of Upregulated COX-2 in Coronary Arterioles
Our present findings may have particular clinical importance for several reasons. In humans, endogenous release of basal- and flow-stimulated bradykinin contributes substantially to the dilator responses of coronary vessels.28 Particularly, the beneficial effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is, in part, ascribed to the enhanced levels of bradykinin in the vasculature.29 However, at this time it is unclear whether ACE inhibitors have beneficial effects on the coronary micro vessels in humans with diabetes. On the other hand, recent studies on patients with cardiovascular risk factors reported controversial findings regarding the safety of use of nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors. These findings have drawn a great attention to prostaglandins produced by the vascular endothelium.21,30–32 Our present findings raise the hypothesis that pharmacological inhibition of the prostaglandin synthesis in the arteriolar wall may adversely affect coronary vasodilator responses in patients with diabetes. However, to our best knowledge there are no previous clinical studies addressing the effect of COX inhibition with respect to myocardial events in diabetic patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate the specific effects of various pharmacological interventions on the regulation of coronary arteriolar diameter; hence tissue perfusion in diabetes mellitus.
Taken together, this study is the first to show that in humans with diabetes there is an increased COX-2 expression and augmented prostaglandin-mediated bradykinin-induced dilation in coronary arterioles, which may represent a compensatory mechanism aiming to maintain an appropriate blood supply of the myocardium.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
Sources of Funding
This study was supported by grants F-048837 and T48376 from the Hungarian National Science Research Fund (OTKA), NKFP 1A/008/04 and American Heart Association Northeast Affiliate, 0555897T. Zsolt Bagi holds a Bolyai Fellowship.
Disclosures
None.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
*Both authors contributed equally to this study.
Original received July 6, 2006; revision received July 24, 2006; accepted August 3, 2006.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
- Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. J Am Med Assoc. 2002; 287: 2570–2581.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Singleton JR, Smith AG, Russell JW, Feldman EL. Microvascular complications of impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes. 2003; 52: 2867–2873.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Nitenberg A, Valensi P, Sachs R, Dali M, Aptecar E, Attali JR. Impairment of coronary vascular reserve and ACh-induced coronary vasodilation in diabetic patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and normal left ventricular systolic function. Diabetes. 1993; 42: 1017–1025.[Abstract]
- Nahser PJ Jr, Brown RE, Oskarsson H, Winniford MD, Rossen JD. Maximal coronary flow reserve and metabolic coronary vasodilation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 1995; 91: 635–640.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - De Vriese AS, Verbeuren TJ, Van de Voorde J, Lameire NH, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Br J Pharmacol. 2000; 130: 963–974.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Koltai MZ, Hadhazy P, Posa I, Kocsis E, Winkler G, Rosen P, Pogatsa G. Characteristics of coronary endothelial dysfunction in experimental diabetes. Cardiovasc Res. 1997; 34: 157–163.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Bagi Z, Koller A, Kaley G. Superoxide-NO interaction decreases flow- and agonist-induced dilation of coronary arterioles in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003; 285: H1404–H1410.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Lu T, Wang XL, He T, Zhou W, Kaduce TL, Katusic ZS, Spector AA, Lee HC. Impaired arachidonic acid-mediated activation of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetes. 2005; 54: 2155–2163.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Miura H, Wachtel RE, Loberiza FR Jr, Saito T, Miura M, Nicolosi AC, Gutterman DD. Diabetes mellitus impairs vasodilation to hypoxia in human coronary arterioles: reduced activity of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Circ Res. 2003; 92: 151–158.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Bagi Z, Erdei N, Toth A, Li W, Hintze TH, Koller A, Kaley G. Type 2 diabetic mice have increased arteriolar tone and blood pressure: enhanced release of COX-2-derived constrictor prostaglandins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25: 1610–1616.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Guo Z, Su W, Allen S, Pang H, Daugherty A, Smart E, Gong MC. COX-2 Up-regulation and vascular smooth muscle contractile hyperreactivity in spontaneous diabetic db/db mice. Cardiovasc Res. 2005; 67: 723–735.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Hennan JK, Huang J, Barrett TD, Driscoll EM, Willens DE, Park AM, Crofford LJ, Lucchesi BR. Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on vascular responses and thrombosis in canine coronary arteries. Circulation. 2001; 104: 820–825.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - McAdam BF, Catella-Lawson F, Mardini IA, Kapoor S, Lawson JA, FitzGerald GA. Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: The human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96: 272–277.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Baker CSR, Hall RJC, Evans TJ, Pomerance A, Maclouf J, Creminon C, Yacoub MH, Polak JM. Cyclooxygenase-2 is widely expressed in atherosclerotic lesions affecting native and transplanted human coronary arteries and colocalizes with inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine particularly in macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 646–655.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Bagi Z, Koller A, Kaley G. PPAR
activation, by reducing oxidative stress, increases NO bioavailability in coronary arterioles of mice with Type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004; 286: H742–H748.[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Miura H, Liu Y, Gutterman DD. Human coronary arteriolar dilation to bradykinin depends on membrane hyperpolarization: contribution of nitric oxide and Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Circulation. 1999; 99: 3132–3138.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Puybasset L, Bea M-L, Ghaleh B, Giudicelli J-F, Berdeaux A. Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of sustained inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in conscious dogs: evidence for cross talk between nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase in coronary vessels. Circ Res. 1996; 79: 343–357.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Moncada S, Herman AG, Higgs EA, Vane JR. Differential formation of prostacyclin (PGX or PGI2) by layers of the arterial wall. An explanation for the anti-thrombotic properties of vascular endothelium. Thromb Res. 1977; 11: 323–344.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- FitzGerald GA, Pedersen AK, Patrono C. Analysis of prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis in cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1983; 67: 1174–1177.
[Free Full Text] - Gryglewski RJ, Chlopicki S, Swies J, Niezabitowski P. Prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995; 748: 194–206.[Abstract]
- Grosser T, Fries S, FitzGerald GA. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest. 2006; 116: 4–15.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Gutterman DD, Miura H, Liu Y. Redox modulation of vascular tone: focus of potassium channel mechanisms of dilation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25: 671–678.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Rudic RD, Brinster D, Cheng Y, Fries S, Song WL, Austin S, Coffman TM, FitzGerald GA. COX-2-derived prostacyclin modulates vascular remodeling. Circ Res. 2005; 96: 1240–1247.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Helmersson J, Vessby B, Larsson A, Basu S. Association of type 2 diabetes with cyclooxygenase-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress in an elderly population. Circulation. 2004; 109: 1729–1734.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Guzik TJ, Mussa S, Gastaldi D, Sadowski J, Ratnatunga C, Pillai R, Channon KM. Mechanisms of increased vascular superoxide production in human diabetes mellitus: role of NAD(P)H oxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2002; 105: 1656–1662.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kiritoshi S, Nishikawa T, Sonoda K, Kukidome D, Senokuchi T, Matsuo T, Matsumura T, Tokunaga H, Brownlee M, Araki E. Reactive oxygen species from mitochondria induce cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human mesangial cells: potential role in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 2003; 52: 2570–2577.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Cosentino F, Eto M, De Paolis P, van der Loo B, Bachschmid M, Ullrich V, Kouroedov A, Delli Gatti C, Joch H, Volpe M, Luscher TF. High Glucose Causes Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and alters prostanoid profile in human endothelial cells: role of protein kinase C and reactive oxygen species. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1017–1023.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Groves P, Kurz S, Just H, Drexler H. Role of endogenous bradykinin in human coronary vasomotor control. Circulation. 1995; 92: 3424–3430.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - van Wijngaarden J, Tio RA, van Gilst WH, de Graeff PA, de Langen CD, Wesseling H. Basic pharmacology of ACE-inhibitors with respect to ischaemic heart disease: prostaglandins and bradykinin. Eur Heart J. 1990; 11: 84–93.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- FitzGerald GA. Coxibs and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 1709–1711.
[Free Full Text] - Antman EM, DeMets D, Loscalzo J. Cyclooxygenase inhibition and cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2005; 112: 759–770.
[Free Full Text] - Chan AT, Manson JE, Albert CM, Chae CU, Rexrode KM, Curhan GC, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Fuchs CS. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and the risk of cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2006; 113: 1578–1587.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  E. Jebelovszki, C. Kiraly, N. Erdei, A. Feher, E. T. Pasztor, I. Rutkai, T. Forster, I. Edes, A. Koller, and Z. Bagi High-fat diet-induced obesity leads to increased NO sensitivity of rat coronary arterioles: role of soluble guanylate cyclase activation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2008; 294(6): H2558 - H2564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Kohno, H. Wang, F. Amaya, G. J. Brenner, J.-K. Cheng, R.-R. Ji, and C. J. Woolf Bradykinin Enhances AMPA and NMDA Receptor Activity in Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons by Activating Multiple Kinases to Produce Pain Hypersensitivity J. Neurosci., April 23, 2008; 28(17): 4533 - 4540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Z.I. Cherney, J. A. Miller, J. W. Scholey, T. J. Bradley, C. Slorach, J. R. Curtis, M. G. Dekker, R. Nasrallah, R. L. Hebert, and E. B. Sochett The Effect of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition on Renal Hemodynamic Function in Humans With Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes, March 1, 2008; 57(3): 688 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Fulop, E. Jebelovszki, N. Erdei, T. Szerafin, T. Forster, I. Edes, A. Koller, and Z. Bagi Adaptation of Vasomotor Function of Human Coronary Arterioles to the Simultaneous Presence of Obesity and Hypertension Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2348 - 2354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||