doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000225257.76059.fc
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Letters to the Editor |
Is the Fetal Heart a Hematopoietic Organ?
Department of Pathological Anatomy, The Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
To the Editor:
The article by Tomanek et al1 presents well the in vivo data on the requirement of VEGF family members for tubulogenesis and coronary artery formation. The authors observed that VEGF-Trap (a chimera of R1 and R2), apart from precluding formation of coronary arteries, causes a massive accumulation of erythrocytes in the subepicardium and in the interventricular septum. The important finding of this study was that erythrocytes that are components of blood islands derive from epicardial-derived precursors. The authors assume that proepicardial cells include a hemangioblast population. From this observation a conclusion can be drawn that either the proepicardium or the fetal heart exhibits a hematopoietic activity.
Considering the topic of blood island derivation in the embryonic heart I would like to comment that although the derivation of the endothelial cell component in these structures has been proven, the origin of erythrocytes is ambiguous and has not yet been resolved. Quail-chicken chimera and retrovirus-infected proepicardial organ studies revealed that endothelial cells of coronary vasculature derive from the proepicardium and subsequently from the epicardium.1,2,3 Angiogenic potential of the proepicardium has been confirmed several times.4 With regard to derivation of the blood cell component, one of the theories implies that fetal heart hematoblasts (erythroblasts) derive in situ from migrating angioblasts or hemangioblasts.5 This situation would be similar to that seen in developing yolk sac, indicative of the presence of a presumptive hemangioblast.6 An article by Kattan et al7 indicates that commitment to the hematopoietic lineage appears to precede the formation of blood islands in the fetal quail heart. Thus, blood island formation in the fetal heart would be preceded by hematopoiesis, which would not preclude a possibility of hematopoiesis taking place in the fetal heart.
Our contemporary morphological and immunohistochemical studies performed on mammalian heart (mice) indicated that nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) found in the fetal heart (E10-11) which were not accompanied by angioblasts did not belong to early stages of their differentiation but were mature.8 The maturity of NRBCs manifested by scarcity of cytoplasmic organelles, abundant cytoplasmic hemoglobin accumulation, early occurrence of nucleus shedding (a "halo" around nucleus), and exhibition of Terr119 antigen—the latter being a marker of erythroblastic lineage and erythrocytes. NRBCs also lacked the CD34+ antigen—the marker of hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Interestingly, we found these blood cells within the subendocardium, on the border of endocardium, and in the subepicardium. Our data clearly indicate that the erythrocytes found in the avascular embryonic heart derive from systemic circulation: they enter myocardium via diapedesis from the endocardial side. Subsequently they promptly reach the subepicardium (through several-cardiac-cells thick myocardium) by migration. On their way to the subepicardium they establish contact with angioblasts and form blood islands.8 Taking the above into consideration, is it possible for the heart to be a hematopoietic organ? Virágh et al9 demonstrated in his short communication that erythroblasts are internalized into the subepicardium. The authors suggested that the subepicardium has a hematopoietic activity. If it were the case we should observe clusters of young hematopoietic cells (hematoblasts), similarly as they are observed in the yolk sac and the AGM region of the fetus.10 Hematopoiesis always manifests by appearance of many new formed cells assembled in clusters. However, such clusters of early differentiating erythroblasts were not observed in our study nor in Virágh’s observations. On the contrary we found single scattered erythroblasts without association with angioblasts. Tomanek et al1 observed massive accumulation of erythrocytes within the subepicardium, and the interventricular septum, however, this situation was caused by action of exogenous VEGF-trap and by VEGF deprivation. In addition, the authors did not look at earlier stages of erythroblast differentiation. In fact, the morphological differences between erythroblasts and erythrocytes in birds are possibly not pronounced. Contrary to mammals, in which erythrocytes are enucleated (circulating NRBCs in mice start to lose nuclei on E12), in birds both erythroblasts and erythrocytes contain nuclei. Thus, the heart seems not to be a hematopoietic organ, at least not in mammals. The derivation of NRBCs in blood islands may be different in birds as compared with mammals, or both ways of NRBC derivation are possible: in situ differentiation from hemangioblasts and diapedesis via the endocardium. In either case more studies are required to resolve the ambiguous issue of NRBC origin in the avascular heart and to reconcile these discrepant results.
References
- Tomanek RJ, Ishii Y, Holifield JS, Sjogren CL, Hansen HK, Mikawa T. VEGF family members regulate myocardial tubulogenesis and coronary artery formation in the embryo. Circ Res. 2006; 98: 947–953.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Mentink MMT, Bökenkamp R, Hogers B. Development of the cardiac coronary vascular endothelium, studied with antiendothelial antibodies, in chicken-quail chimeras. Circ Res. 1993; 73: 559–568.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Pérez-Pomares JM, Carmona R, González-Iriarte M, Atencia G, Wessels A, Muñoz-Chápuli R. Origin of coronary endothelial cells from epicardial mesothelium in avian embryos. Int J Dev Biol. 2002; 46: 1005–1013.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Guadix J, Carmona R, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Pérez-Pomares JM. In vivo and in vitro analysis of the vasculogenic potential of avian proepicardial and epicardial cells. Dev Dyn. 2006; 235: 1014–1026.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Morabito CJ, Kattan J, Bristow J. Mechanisms of embryonic coronary artery development. Current Opinion Cardiol. 2002; 17: 235–241.
- Pardanaud L, Yassine F, Dieterlen-Lievre F. Relationship between vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and haemopoiesis during avian ontogeny. Development. 1989; 105: 473–485.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kattan J, Dettman RW, Bristow J. Formation and remodeling of the coronary vascular bed in the embryonic avian heart. Dev Dyn. 2004; 230: 34–43.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Ratajska A, Czarnowska E, Ko
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[Order article via Infotrieve] - Virágh S, Kálmán F, Gittenberger-de Groot A, Poelmann RE, Moorman AFM. Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis in the epicardium of the vertebrate embryo heart. In: Bockman DE, Kirby ML, editors. Embryonic origin of defective heart development. Ann N Y Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 588: 455–458.[CrossRef]
- Dzierzak E. Ontogenic emergence of definitive hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Opin Hematol. 2003; 10: 229–234.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
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