This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Data Supplement All Versions of this Article: 92/9/1016    most recent 01.RES.0000070880.20955.F4v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Ohya, S. Articles by Horowitz, B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Ohya, S. Articles by Horowitz, B. Related Collections Electrophysiology Peripheral vascular disease

(Circulation Research. 2003;92:1016.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.

Cellular Biology

Molecular Variants of KCNQ Channels Expressed in Murine Portal Vein Myocytes

A Role in Delayed Rectifier Current

Susumu Ohya, Gerard P. Sergeant, Iain A. Greenwood, Burton Horowitz

From the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (S.O., G.P.S., B.H.), University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nev; the Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (S.O.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan; and the Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology (I.A.G.), St George’s Hospital Medical School, London, UK.

Correspondence to Burton Horowitz, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557-0046. E-mail burt{at}physiology.unr.edu

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
We have analyzed the expression of KCNQ genes in murine portal vein myocytes and determined that of the 5 known KCNQ channels, only KCNQ1 was expressed. In addition to the full-length KCNQ1 transcript, a novel spliced form (termed KCNQ1b) was detected that had a 63 amino acid truncation at the C-terminus. KCNQ1b was not detected in heart or brain but represented approximately half the KCNQ1 transcripts expressed in PV. Antibodies specific for KCNQ1a stained cell membranes from portal vein myocytes and HEK cells expressing the channel. However, because the antibodies were generated against an epitope in the deleted, C-terminal portion of the protein, these antibodies did not stain HEK cells expressing KCNQ1b. In murine portal vein myocytes, in the presence of 5 mmol/L 4-aminopyridine, an outwardly rectifying K⁺ current was recorded that was sensitive to linopirdine, a specific blocker of KCNQ channels. Currents produced by the heterologous expression of KCNQ1a or KCNQ1b were inhibited by similar concentrations of linopirdine, and linopirdine prolonged the time-course of the action potential in isolated portal vein myocytes. Our data suggest that these two KCNQ1 splice forms are expressed in murine portal vein and contribute to the delayed rectifier current in these myocytes.

Key Words: smooth muscle • voltage-dependent potassium channels • linopirdine

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Potassium channels encoded by KCNQ genes regulate electrical excitability of neurons and cardiac myocytes.^1,2 To date, five members of KCNQ (1 to 5) have been identified in different mammalian cell types, and the expression products serve a number of functions. KCNQ1 contributes to the slow component of delayed rectifier K⁺ currents, I_Ks, in cardiac muscles.³ KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 contribute to M-currents in neurons.^4,5 KCNQ4 and KCNQ5 are predominantly expressed in the inner ear⁶ and brain and sympathetic neurons,⁷ respectively. The electrophysiological properties of KCNQ channels differ between individual isoforms and are also modulated by coexpression with regulatory subunits encoded by KCNE genes. For example, the complex of KCNQ1 and KCNE1 constitutes the channel underlying native I_Ks in cardiac muscles, and the complex of KCNQ1 and KCNE3 forms a basolateral K⁺ channel in tracheal and colonic epithelial cells.⁸ Mutations in several members of KCNQ and KCNE underlie inherited diseases such as cardiac long QT syndrome, epilepsy, and deafness.

In comparison to the data on KCNQ expression in neuronal and cardiac cells, there is no information as to whether these channels are expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells where K⁺ channels play significant roles in the control of vascular reactivity. The present study was to determine if KCNQ isoforms were expressed in smooth muscle cells isolated from murine portal vein (PV). Although we have shown recently that murine PV myocytes express ERG K⁺ channels,⁹ the overall data on murine K⁺ currents are sparse. In rabbit PV myocytes, a large component of the delayed rectifier current is 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) sensitive and virtually all the voltage-dependent current can be blocked by a combination of 4-AP and tetraethylammonium (TEA).^10,11 The molecular identification of the 4-AP–sensitive component of this current is encoded primarily by Kv1.2/Kv1.5 heterotetramer¹²; however, the calcium independent, TEA-sensitive component has not been identified as yet. The present study examined the possible contribution of KCNQ isoforms to delayed rectifier K⁺ currents in murine PV myocytes by comparing the pharmacological and biophysical properties of native currents in murine PVC with currents produced by the heterologous expression of KCNQ isoforms.

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Dissection of Smooth Muscles and Smooth Muscle Cell Preparations
BALB/c mice (>30 days old) were sedated by exposure to isoflurane (Baxter Laboratories) and euthanized by cervical dislocation in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols. After incisions along the abdomen, individual PVs were dissected out as previously reported.¹³

Total RNA Extraction and RT-PCR
As previously reported,¹³ total RNA was extracted from tissues and isolated myocytes with the use of a TRIZOL (Life Technology Inc) and a SNAP total RNA isolation kit (Invitrogen), respectively. Total RNA was also isolated from brain and heart tissues.

Quantitative PCR
Real-time quantitative PCR was performed with the use of Syber Green chemistry on an ABI 5700 sequence detector (Perkin Elmer Inc), as previously reported.¹³

Immunocytochemistry
Immunocytochemistry was performed as previously reported.⁹ Briefly, isolated murine PV myocytes or HEK cells were seeded onto glass-bottom dishes. After fix with paraformaldehyde and permeabilization with Triton X-100, nonspecific binding sites were blocked with PBS containing 0.2% Triton X-100 and 1% normal goat serum. Cells were then exposed to anti-KCNQ1 polyclonal antibody (1:80 dilution, Chemicon and Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 12 to 16 hours at 4°C. After removing excess primary antibody by repeated washing with PBS, the cells were exposed to Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit (for Chemicon) or Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-goat (for Santa Cruz Biotechnology) IgG antibody (1:200 dilution, Molecular Probes). Excess secondary antibody was also removed by repeated washing with PBS. Digital images were viewed on a scanning confocal microscope (MRC600, BioRad). As a negative control, cells were preincubated with excess antigen before the addition of primary antibody.

Isolated-Cell Preparations
Enzymatically dispersed smooth muscle cells were placed in an experimental chamber under an inverted microscope as we had performed previously.^9,14–16 Cells that were elongated and spindle-shaped (length 80 to 200 µm; diameter 5 to 6 µm) were selected. This process was performed until 10 to 60 smooth muscle cells were obtained. The cells were expunged from the micropipette into an RNase-free 0.5 mL tube. The micropipette was washed with Ca²⁺-free Hanks solution to remove any cells that might have adhered to the glass. The desired cells were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70°C.

Cell Culture and Transformation
Membrane currents were recorded from COS and HEK cells transiently transformed with KCNQ1 and the novel KCNQ1 splice variant, respectively. The full lengths of murine KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b were ligated into mammalian expression vectors, pcDNA3.1(+) and pTracer-CMV2 (Invitrogen) using T4 DNA ligase, respectively. The resulting constructs were confirmed by DNA sequencing, then transiently transformed into the COS and HEK cells, respectively, by the calcium phosphate coprecipitation technique. Electrophysiological experiments were performed after 48 to 72 hours.

Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
The protein-protein interaction between KCNQ1a, KCNQ1b, and KCNE3 significantly expressed in murine portal vein was analyzed by the mammalian two-hybrid system (Mammalian MATCHMAKER Two-Hybrid Assay Kit; Clontech) as previously reported.¹⁷ Both pM and pVP16 constructs were transfected into HEK293 cells by calcium phosphate method, together with chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene (pG5CAT). Forty-eight hours after transfection, CAT activity was measured. In the transactivation assays, only the pM and pG5CAT vectors were transfected. Analysis of CAT concentration was performed 48 hours after transfection on the CAT enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay kit (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Interactions between the two gene products trigger CAT activity in pG5CAT. All transfections were performed in duplicate, and mean CAT concentrations were calculated. The CAT results were normalized in respect to total protein concentration. All interaction experiments were confirmed 3 times.

Electrophysiological Experiments
Current-voltage data from all cells were generated by stepping to test potentials between -80 mV and +60 mV from a holding potential of -60 mV and for durations of either 200 or 400 ms in 20-mV increments at 10-second intervals. The effect of different pharmacological agents was investigated after an initial equilibrium period. Cells were depolarized to +60 mV every 20 seconds and pharmacological agents were only applied if the control currents were stable for a period of 2 minutes. The concentration-effect relationships of TEA and linopirdine were determined by applying increasing concentrations of each agent with an exposure time of 2 minutes per concentration. The peak amplitude recorded in each concentration was normalized to the peak control amplitude recorded in the absence of either TEA or linopirdine. The data from each cell were fitted by a sigmoid dose-response (variable slope) function using GraphPad Prism 3.0 software.

Statistics
All data are the mean of at least 4 cells ±SEM, and in experiments using murine PV smooth muscle cells, data were taken from at least 3 different animals. For quantitative RT-PCR, the reproducibility of the assay was tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing repeat runs of samples, and mean values generated at individual time points were compared by Student’s t test.

Any specific details for procedures that we have published previously can be found in the expanded Materials and Methods in the online data supplement at http://www.circresaha.org.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Molecular Identification of KCNQ Subtypes Expressed in Murine PV
We examined the expression levels of the KCNQ transcripts (KCNQ1 to 5) in murine PV by use of qualitative RT-PCR. Murine brain and heart-derived cDNAs were used as positive and/or negative controls for KCNQ primers to test their ability to produce correctly amplified mRNA transcripts. ß-Actin primers were used to confirm that the products generated were representative of RNA (498-bp) and not contaminated with genomic DNA (which would produce an intron containing 708-bp band) because these primers were designed to amplify a segment that spanned an intron as well as two exons.

As shown in Figure 1A, KCNQ1 and KCNQ3 signals were easily detected in PV, whereas weak or no signals for KCNQ2, 4, and 5 were detected. As positive controls, all signals for KCNQ1 to 5 were easily detected in brain. Heart expressed KCNQ1, 4, and 5 (Figure 1A). Our previous study showed that KCNE3 but not KCNE1, KCNE1L, KCNE2, or KCNE4 was significantly expressed in murine PV.⁹ To avoid contamination from nonmyocytes, cell-based RT-PCR analyses were performed on freshly isolated murine PV smooth muscle cells (PVCs). Consistent with the results from Figure 1A, KCNQ1 signals were easily detected in PVC, whereas KCNQ2 to 5 ones were very weak or undetectable (Figure 1B).

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Expression of KCNQ channels in murine PV. A, RT-PCR detection of KCNQ channels (KCNQ1 to 5) in murine PV (PV). A 100-bp molecular weight marker was used to estimate the size of the amplicon, and the migration is shown on the right. Primers were tested on murine brain (Br) and heart (He) and sequenced to confirm their identity. B, Cell-based RT-PCR analysis in murine PV myocytes for 45 cycles. C, Quantitative RT-PCR for KCNQ1 to 5 expressions relative to ß-actin in murine PV. Values are shown for steady-state transcripts relative to ß-actin in the same preparation. Results are expressed as mean±SEM (n=5).

Quantitative Determination of KCNQ Transcripts in Murine PV
We performed quantitative determination of KCNQ transcripts in murine PV. The ABI 5700 genetic analyzer (PE Biosystems) was used for accurate quantification of steady-state transcript levels by RT-PCR. Total RNA from murine PV was reverse transcribed to cDNA, and steady-state transcripts were determined relative to an endogenous control housekeeping gene (ß-actin). Therefore, the data are expressed as ratios of KCNQ1 to 5 to ß-actin, respectively, and the relative transcriptional expressions of KCNQ1 to 5 are shown in Figure 1C. All expression data are expressed as mean±SE.

KCNQ1 expression relative to ß-actin (arbitrary units) was 0.015±0.0018 in PV (n=5), whereas KCNQ2 to 5 expressions were less than 0.002 (Figure 1C). As positive controls, KCNQ1 to 5 expression was 0.019±0.00082 (KCNQ1, heart), 0.069±0.0042 (KCNQ2, brain), 0.024±0.0058 (KCNQ3, brain), 0.0069±0.00092 (KCNQ4, brain), and 0.040±0.0036 (KCNQ5, brain), respectively (n=5 for each).

Molecular Cloning of an Alternatively Spliced Isoform of KCNQ1 in Murine PV
Paulsen et al¹⁸ have shown that KCNQ1 is on mouse chromosome 11p15.5 and is comprised of 16 exons. Moreover, exon 1 of murine KCNQ has 5 different alternatively spliced isoforms (exon 1-). On the basis of genomic sequence information of murine KCNQ1 (GenBank accession No. AJ251835), we determined the isoforms specifically expressed in PV by RT-PCR. Of 5 different isoforms, only exon 1 was detected in PV.

We designed specific PCR primers to isolate full-length KCNQ1 from murine PV (primers are described in the online data supplement). As shown in Figure 2A, one single band of approximately 1.9-kb was detected in heart, whereas two different sized fragments were obtained in PV: approximately 1.9 and 1.6 kb. DNA sequencing determined that the larger fragment was original KCNQ1 (we term this KCNQ1a) and the shorter fragment was a novel alternatively spliced isoform of KCNQ1 (KCNQ1b). Analyses of the mouse heart and PV mRNA with RT-PCR and primers designed to span exons showed that KCNQ1b was missing exons 12 to 15 (Figures 2B and 2C). To identify the relative expression levels of KCNQ1b to KCNQ1a in PV, we performed quantitative RT-PCR analyses using specific primers for KCNQ1a but not KCNQ1b. KCNQ1a expression relative to ß-actin (arbitrary units) in PV was 0.0084±0.00055 (n=5), KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b expression in PV was 0.015±0.0018, whereas KCNQ1a expression was 0.016±0.0022 in heart (n=5) (Figure 2D). Because primers designed to amplify both KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b detected no statistically significant difference with those designed to amplify KCNQ1a alone in murine heart, we conclude that KCNQ1b is not expressed (confirming the qualitative RT-PCR). However, in murine PV, the expression of KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b was approximately twice that of KCNQ1a alone, indicating that there is approximately equal expression of the 2 spliced transcripts. Each PCR product was confirmed by DNA sequencing (not shown). These results suggest that KCNQ1b transcripts may be significantly expressed in PV at similar expression levels to KCNQ1a.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Expression of an alternatively spliced isoform of KCNQ1 and KCNQ1b in murine PV. A, RT-PCR detection of alternatively spliced isoforms of KCNQ1 (KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b) in murine PV. Primers were also tested on murine heart and sequenced to confirm their identity. A 1-kbp molecular weight marker was used to estimate the size of the amplicon. B, RT-PCR detection of KCNQ1 isoforms in murine PV. PCR products were generated through the use of gene-specific primers for the conserved region between KCNQ1a and 1b in the cytoplasmic C-terminal cytoplasmic domain (625 bp for KCNQ1a; 345 bp for KCNQ1b). C, Cell-based RT-PCR analysis in murine PV myocytes for 45 cycles. D, Quantitative RT-PCR for KCNQ1a expression relative to ß-actin in murine heart and PV. Values are shown for steady state transcripts relative to ß-actin in the same preparation.

The DNA sequence of KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b in the alternatively spliced region is shown in Figure 3. By deleting exons 12 to 15 the resulting transcript of KCNQ1b introduces a premature stop codon in exon 16 that truncates the encoded protein at amino acid 440 (Figure 3A). Comparison of the exon structure and C-terminal amino acids between the 2 splice variants are shown in Figures 3B and 3C.

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Alternatively spliced isoforms of KCNQ1 (KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b). A, Murine cDNA nucleotide sequence for KCNQ1 in the region of exon 10 to exon 16 and KCNQ1b consists of exon 1 to exon 11 and exon 16. B, S1-S6 indicates the transmembrane segments 1 to 6 and vertical bars indicate the position of initiation or stop codons. C, Alignment of the amino acid sequences of KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b in the cytoplasmic C-terminal region (exon 10 to 16). *Residues identical to KCNQ1a.

Cellular Distribution of KCNQ1 Proteins in Murine PV Myocytes
To confirm that the identified KCNQ1 transcripts are translated into KCNQ1 proteins and expressed on the surface membranes of murine PV myocytes, the cellular localization of KCNQ1 proteins was examined by immunocytochemistry. However, all anti-KCNQ1 antibodies obtained from 2 biochemical companies were raised against a peptide mapping at the C-terminus of KCNQ1, showing that commercially available anti-KCNQ1 antibodies are specific for KCNQ1a but not KCNQ1b. Freshly isolated myocytes from murine PV were stained with two different anti-KCNQ1a antibodies and the local distribution of immunoreactivity was visualized by laser scanning confocal microscopy. By use of anti-KCNQ1a antibody from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc, the strong staining patterns of KCNQ1a proteins were localized along cell membrane in PV myocytes (Figure 4A), and KCNQ1a signals disappeared by preincubation with excess antigen (Figure 4B). We further stained HEK cells expressing either KCNQ1a or KCNQ1b that were used for functional expression. Figures 4C and 4D demonstrate that KCNQ1a-expressing cells show membrane staining with KCNQ1 antibody. However, KCNQ1b-expressing cells, in which the protein is truncated before the epitope encoding sequence, are not stained.

View larger version (44K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Immunocytochemical experiments of KCNQ1 proteins in murine portal vein myocytes. A, Murine PV cells were immunostained with specific antibody against KCNQ1 proteins, which were raised against a peptide mapping at the C-terminus of KCNQ1. B, Cells were preincubated with excess antigen before the addition of anti-KCNQ1 antibody. Bar=20 µm. C, HEK cells expressing KCNQ1a were immunostained with the same KCNQ1 antibody. D, HEK cells expressing KCNQ1b were immunostained with the same antibody demonstrating the truncation of the expressed protein. Bar=20 µm.

Physical Interactions Between KCNQ1a, KCNQ1b, and KCNE3
We used mammalian two-hybrid experiments to test whether KCNQ1b and KCNE3 physically interact. Figure 5 shows that when KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b or KCNQ1b and KCNE3 are expressed together does CAT activities increase. None of the negative control transfections increased CAT activity.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. Interaction between KCNQ1a, KCNQ1b, and KCNE proteins. Two-hybrid analysis shows the interaction between KCNQ1a, KCNQ1b, and KCNE3. CAT activity is increased only when KCNQ1a, KCNQ1b, and KCNE3 are transfected in the same HEK cells.

Characteristics of Currents Produced by Expression of KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b
Expression of KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b yielded voltage-dependent, outwardly rectifying K⁺ currents that were not observed in nontransfected cells (Figure 6). The peak amplitude of currents elicited from cells expressing KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b were not significantly different [mean amplitude at +40 mV was 563±71 pA (n=5) and 618±79 pA (n=18), respectively]. However, the mean time constant () of activation for KCNQ1a measured at +60 mV was 126±7.8 ms, (n=16) versus 11±2 (n=8) for KCNQ1b. As the expression product of KCNE3 affects markedly the kinetics of KCNQ1 currents⁸ and mammalian-two hybrid experiments showed a physical interaction between KCNQ1b and KCNE3 expression products, we determined whether KCNQ1b currents were modified by coexpression with KCNE3. Figure 6Ci shows that currents generated by the coexpression of KCNQ1b and KCNE3 were qualitatively similar to currents due to KCNQ1b expression alone (mean for activation at +60 mV was 9±1.8 ms, n=4).

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 6. Membrane currents generated by expression of KCNQ1 isoforms. Ai, Bi, and Ci, Representative families of currents evoked from cells expressing the full-length KCNQ1a, the splice variant KCNQ1b, and KCNQ1b plus KCNE3, respectively. Currents were evoked by voltage steps to test potentials between -80 mV and +60 mV from a holding potential of -60 mV. Aii, Bii, and Cii are mean concentration-effect relationships of these currents to linopirdine with each point representing the mean of 5, 11, and 4 cells ±SEM, respectively. Solid line represents a sigmoidal fit (variable slope) generated using GraphPad Prism 3.0 software.

Currents generated by the expression of mPV KCNQ1 isoforms were characterized further by comparing the relative sensitivities to linopirdine, which is considered to be a relatively selective inhibitor of KCNQ channels.¹ Linopirdine produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of currents generated by expression of both isoforms of KCNQ1 cloned from mPV (Figures 6Aii and 6Bii) as well as KCNQ1b coexpressed with KCNE3 (Figure 6Cii) that was readily reversible on washout. The mean IC₅₀ values for the linopirdine-dependent inhibition of K⁺ currents generated by the expression of KCNQ1a, KCNQ1b, and KCNQ1b and KCNE3 determined from the concentration effect curves shown in Figure 6 were 42±4 (n=11), 35±2.7 (n=6), and 40±4 µmol/L (n=4), respectively. These values were not significantly different to each other (P>0.05). The classical K⁺ channel blocker, TEA, inhibited both KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b currents with mean IC₅₀ values of 2.1±0.4 (n=6) and 2.4±3.2 mmol/L (n=5), respectively. These values were similar to those for KCNQ channels described previously.¹⁹

KCNQ Currents in Murine Portal Vein Myocytes
Outward currents in mPV myocytes were inhibited by 4-AP and linopirdine (Figures 7A and 7B). 4-AP (5 mmol/L) reduced the amplitude of peak current at +40 mV from 466±40 to 309±36 pA, whereas a combination of 100 µmol/L linopirdine and 5 mmol/L 4-AP reduced the mean outward current further to 161±19 pA (n=6, Figure 7C). These figures show the inhibitory effect on the current-voltage (I-V) relationship of total outward current produced by 5 mmol/L 4-AP alone and 4-AP plus 100 µmol/L linopirdine. The effects of linopirdine were concentration-dependent (Figure 7D, mean IC₅₀ was 48±15 µmol/L, n=5) and were readily reversible within 2 minutes of washout. The mean IC₅₀ values for inhibition of the native outward current by TEA and linopirdine were similar to those determined for currents generated by the expression of KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b (see previous section). The linopirdine-sensitive K⁺ currents in mPV cells (Figure 7E) activated with a time-course similar to that of KCNQ1b currents (mean for activation of the native current at +60 mV was 12±0.5, n=6). However, in comparison to linopirdine-sensitive KCNQ1b currents (Figure 7F), the native current declined during maintained depolarizations (mean decay at +40 mV was 3.9±0.25 seconds, n=5; Figure 7E). These data show that in murine portal vein cells a rapidly activating outward current is present that is relatively resistant to 4-AP and shares some pharmacological and kinetic characteristics with currents generated by the expression of KCNQ1 isoforms.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 7. KCNQ1 currents contribute to delayed rectifier current in murine portal vein myocytes. A, Representative current traces evoked in a mPV myocyte by stepping to a test potential of +40 mV from -60 mV in the absence and presence of 5 mmol/L 4-AP. B, Representative currents, evoked using the protocol in A, in the absence and presence of 100 µmol/L linopirdine. 4-AP (5 mmol/L) decreased conductance levels by 33%, whereas the addition of 100 µmol/L linopirdine decreased conductance levels by 70%. C, Mean current-voltage relationships for outward currents in mPV myocytes in the absence and presence of 4-AP (5 mmol/L) and linopirdine (100 µmol/L). Each point is the mean of 6 to 9 cells ±SEM. D, Mean concentration-effect curve for the inhibitory action of linopirdine. Each point is the mean of 6 cells ±SEM, and the solid line is a sigmoidal fit. E and F, Comparison of linopirdine-sensitive outward currents in mPV myocytes and HEK cells expressing KCNQ1b, respectively. Figures were generated by subtracting digitally the latter from control currents and are representative of at least 5 similar experiments.

The physiological importance of KCNQ1 currents in mPV myocytes was assessed by examining the effect of linopirdine on action potentials elicited by the injection of depolarizing current in current clamp mode. Figure 8A shows that application of 100 µmol/L linopirdine markedly altered evoked depolarizations in mPV myocytes. Linopirdine augmented the amplitude of the evoked depolarization from 57±4 to 85±4 mV (n=5) and prolonged the time-course of the action potential (mean duration at 20% of peak amplitude was increased significantly from 68±17 to 123±25 ms, n=5, Figures 8B and 8C).

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 8. Linopirdine increases action potential duration and amplitude in murine portal vein myocytes. A, Representative action potentials, elicited from isolated mPV myocytes by injecting brief 30-ms pulses of depolarizing current (100 pA) before and during application of 100 µmol/L linopirdine. B, Summary bar chart plotting the mean action potential duration in the absence (open bars) and presence (hatched bars) of 100 µmol/L linopirdine at 90% and 20% of peak action potential amplitude. C, Summarizes the effect of 100 µmol/L linopirdine on the peak action potential amplitude, again open and hatched bars represent action potential amplitude in the absence and presence of 100 µmol/L linopirdine, respectively.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
We have analyzed the expression of KCNQ channels in murine PV myocytes and determined that KCNQ1 is exclusively expressed. Moreover, in the murine PV, KCNQ1 is alternatively spliced, yielding a full-length isoform and a novel truncated variation of the channel expressed in approximately equal amounts at the transcriptional level. Both splice forms were expressed in mammalian cell systems and resulted in currents with similar pharmacology but some differences in kinetics. Delayed rectifier currents from native murine PV myocytes are sensitive to approximately 30 µmol/L linopirdine. At that concentration, linopirdine is a fairly specific blocker of KCNQ channels.²⁰ Because the only KCNQ isoform expressed in the murine PV is KCNQ1, we conclude that the native delayed rectifier current is generated in part by ion flux through this channel.

In several types of K⁺ channels, the C-terminal and/or the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains play the crucial roles for the formation of functional assembly.^21,22 It has been shown that the expression of an N-terminal truncated isoform of the KCNQ1 exerts dominant-negative effects on the original KCNQ1 proteins.²³ More recent studies have also shown that the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of KCNQ1 is essential for the assembly of -subunit, and deletions and mutations in the C-terminus of KCNQ1 cause nonfunctional channels.^24,25 In addition, Nakamura et al²⁶ have isolated 11 isoforms of murine KCNQ2 with different C-terminal cytoplasmic regions, resulting in the diverse M-current properties in neuronal cells.^27,28 The novel splice variant recovered from this preparation differs in the carboxyl terminus from the established heart form. In the human form of this channel, the C-terminal portion is important in assembly of functional channels.^24,25 Indeed, a mutation that eliminates a small domain between amino acids 589 and 620 renders the resulting channels nonfunctional.²⁴ The mouse and human forms are identical in 25 of 31 residues in this domain, but the alternatively spliced KCNQ1b is deleted for this entire region. No information has been reported concerning the functional importance of this portion of the protein in mouse KCNQ1. However, KCNQ1b alone elicits functional channels when expressed in HEK cells, and there are only minor differences in the properties of the KCNQ1a and KCNQ1b channels. It is not clear which of the splice variants is the predominant channel in murine PV myocytes and more studies concerning blockers and electrophysiological properties will be necessary to determine differences in the two splice forms to make a distinction in native mixed current records. In addition, there is the distinct possibility that the two splice forms of the channel form heteromultimers with somewhat different properties than either form alone. Because KCNE3 is also expressed in this preparation, the role of auxiliary subunits must also be considered. In human colonic crypt cells and the human forms of these proteins in heterologous expression systems, KCNE3 combines with KCNQ1 to alter the activation kinetics and results in a constitutively open K⁺ channel with linear voltage dependence.⁸ These properties were not observed for the linopirdine-sensitive current in murine PV myocytes that exhibited an outwardly rectifying current-voltage relationship, although interactions between these subunits were detected by mammalian two-hybrid analysis.

Significantly less of the delayed rectifier K⁺ current in mouse PV myocytes is sensitive to block by 4-AP than that of rabbit or guinea pig PV myocytes.^11,29,30 However, it has not been determined whether rabbit or rat PV cells express KCNQ channels. Because such a large portion of the delayed rectifier K⁺ current in rabbit and rat PV myocytes is sensitive to 4-AP, much of the effort to identify molecular components for this current centered on 4-AP–sensitive channel genes.³¹ This is not the case for murine PV myocytes, and the identification of KCNQ1 in these cells may be the cause of this difference.

The human LQT1 locus is responsible for the most common forms of inherited cardiac arrhythmias (Romano-Ward syndrome and Jervell and Lange-Neilsen syndrome).³² In a multimeric arrangement, KCNQ1 and KCNE1 encode the slowly activating component of delayed rectifier current (I_Ks) in cardiac myocytes. The elimination of this current through mutations in either subunit causes the arrhythmias. The results of the present study show that KCNQ genes are also expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, and as a consequence, hereditary mutations may contribute to vascular perturbations. It is interesting that murine portal vein myocytes also express ERG genes¹⁰ that are also the focus of hereditary mutations leading to cardiac arrhythmias. At the moment, it is not clear how KCNQ channels interact with other K⁺ channels to control vascular excitability. However, analysis of a murine KCNQ1 knock-out positioned in smooth muscles or studying vascular myocytes from human subjects with hereditary arrhythmias may answer these functional questions.

In conclusion, this study has shown for the first time the existence of a novel splice variant of KCNQ1 that is expressed in murine portal vein smooth muscle cells. This isoform, possibly in concert with accessory subunits contributes to a part of the native outward current in these cells.

	Acknowledgments

 
This work was supported by DK41315. The nucleotide sequence data reported in this article (murine KCNQ1b) has been deposited in the DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank nucleotide sequence databases with the accession No. AB079603. We thank Lisa Miller for technical support for molecular biology and Heather Beck and Nancy Horowitz for technical support with cell culture.

Received October 24, 2002; revision received March 4, 2003; accepted March 24, 2003.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
1. Robbins J. KCNQ potassium channels: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther. 2001; 90: 1–19.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

2. Jentsch TJ. Neuronal KCNQ potassium channels: physiology and role in disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000; 1: 21–30.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

3. Sanguinetti MC, Curran ME, Zou A, Shen J, Spector PS, Atkinson DL, Keating MT. Coassembly of K(V)LQT1 and minK (IsK) proteins to form cardiac I_Ks potassium channel. Nature. 1996; 384: 80–83.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

4. Cooper EC, Aldape KD, Abosch A, Barbaro NM, Berger MS, Peacock WS, Jan YN, Jan LY. Colocalization and coassembly of two human brain M-type potassium channel subunits that are mutated in epilepsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 4914–4919.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5. Selyanko AA, Hadley JK, Brown DA. Properties of single M-type KCNQ2/KCNQ3 potassium channels expressed in mammalian cells. J Physiol. 2001; 534: 15–24.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

6. Kharkovets T, Hardelin JP, Safieddine S, Schweizer M, El Amraoui A, Petit C, Jentsch TJ. KCNQ4, a K⁺ channel mutated in a form of dominant deafness, is expressed in the inner ear and the central auditory pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 4333–4338.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

7. Schroeder BC, Hechenberger M, Weinreich F, Kubisch C, Jentsch TJ. KCNQ5, a novel potassium channel broadly expressed in brain, mediates M-type currents. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 24089–24095.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

8. Schroeder BC, Waldegger S, Fehr S, Bleich M, Warth R, Greger R, Jentsch TJ. A constitutively open potassium channel formed by KCNQ1 and KCNE3. Nature. 2000; 403: 196–199.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

9. Ohya S, Horowitz B, Greenwood IA. Functional and molecular identification of ERG channels in murine portal vein myocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002; 283: C866–C877.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Kerr PM, Clement-Chomienne O, Thorneloe KS, Chen TT, Ishii K, Sontag DP, Walsh MP, Cole WC. Heteromultimeric Kv1.2-Kv1.5 channels underlie 4-aminopyridine–sensitive delayed rectifier K⁺ current of rabbit vascular myocytes. Circ Res. 2001; 89: 1038–1044.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11. Beech DJ, Bolton TB. Two components of potassium current activated by depolarization of single smooth muscle cells from the rabbit portal vein. J Physiol (Lond). 1989; 418: 293–309.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12. Thorneloe KS, Chen TT, Kerr PM, Grier EF, Horowitz B, Cole WC, Walsh MP. Molecular composition of 4-aminopyridine–sensitive voltage-gated K⁺ channels of vascular smooth muscle. Circ Res. 2001; 89: 1030–1037.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

13. Britton FC, Ohya S, Horowitz B, Greenwood IA. Comparison of the properties of CLCA1 generated currents and I_Cl: Ca in murine portal vein myocytes. J Physiol (Lond). 2002; 539: 107–117.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

14. Amberg GC, Koh SD, Hatton WJ, Murray KJ, Monaghan K, Horowitz B, Sanders KM. Contribution of Kv4 channels toward the A-type potassium current in murine colonic myocytes. J Physiol. 2002; 544: 403–415.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

15. Amberg GC, Baker SA, Koh SD, Hatton WJ, Murray KJ, Horowitz B, Sanders KM. Characterization of the A-type potassium current in murine gastric antrum. J Physiol. 2002; 544: 417–428.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

16. Ohya S, Horowitz B. Differential transcriptional expression of Ca²⁺-binding protein superfamilies in murine gastrointestinal smooth muscles. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002; 283: G1290–G1297.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

17. Greenwood IA, Miller LJ, Ohya S, Horowitz B. The large conductance potassium channel beta subunit can interact with and modulate the functional properties of a calcium activated chloride channel CLCA1. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 22119–22122.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

18. Paulsen M, Davies KR, Bowden LM, Villar AJ, Franck O, Fuermann M, Dean WL, Moore TF, Rodrigues N, Davies KE, Hu RJ, Feinberg AP, Maher ER, Reik W, Walter J. Syntenic organization of the mouse distal chromosome 7 imprinting cluster and the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome region in chromosome 11p15.5. Hum Mol Genet. 1998; 7: 1149–1159.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

19. Hadley JK, Noda M, Selyanko AA, Wood IC, Abogadie FC, Brown DA. Differential tetraethylammonium sensitivity of KCNQ1–4 potassium channels. Br J Pharmacol. 2000; 129: 413–415.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

20. Busch AE, Busch GL, Ford E, Suessbrich H, Lang HJ, Greger R, Kunzelmann K, Attali B, Stuhmer W. The role of the IsK protein in the specific pharmacological properties of the I_Ks channel complex. Br J Pharmacol. 1997; 122: 187–189.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

21. Zerangue N, Jan YN, Jan LY. An artificial tetramerization domain restores efficient assembly of functional Shaker channels lacking T1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 3591–3595.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

22. Ludwig J, Owen D, Pongs O. Carboxy-terminal domain mediates assembly of the voltage-gated rat ether-a-go-go potassium channel. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 6337–6345.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

23. Demolombe S, Baro I, Pereon Y, Bliek J, Mohammad-Panah R, Pollard H, Morid S, Mannens M, Wilde A, Barhanin J, Charpentier F, Escande D. A dominant negative isoform of the long QT syndrome 1 gene product. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 6837–6843.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

24. Schmitt N, Schwarz M, Peretz A, Abitbol I, Attali B, Pongs O. A recessive C-terminal Jervell and Lange-Nielsen mutation of the KCNQ1 channel impairs subunit assembly. EMBO J. 2000; 19: 332–340.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

25. Yamashita F, Horie M, Kubota T, Yoshida H, Yumoto Y, Kobori A, Ninomiya T, Kono Y, Haruna T, Tsuji K, Washizuka T, Takano M, Otani H, Sasayama S, Aizawa Y. Characterization and subcellular localization of KCNQ1 with a heterozygous mutation in the C terminus. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2001; 33: 197–207.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

26. Nakamura M, Watanabe H, Kubo Y, Yokoyama M, Matsumoto T, Sasai H, Nishi Y. KQT2, a new putative potassium channel family produced by alternative splicing: isolation, genomic structure, and alternative splicing of the putative potassium channels. Receptors Channels. 1998; 5: 255–271.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

27. Pan Z, Selyanko AA, Hadley JK, Brown DA, Dixon JE, McKinnon D. Alternative splicing of KCNQ2 potassium channel transcripts contributes to the functional diversity of M-currents. J Physiol. 2001; 531: 347–358.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

28. Smith JS, Iannotti CA, Dargis P, Christian EP, Aiyar J. Differential expression of kcnq2 splice variants: implications to m current function during neuronal development. J Neurosci. 2001; 21: 1096–1103.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

29. Clement-Chomienne O, Ishii K, Walsh MP, Cole WC. Identification, cloning and expression of rabbit vascular smooth muscle Kv1.5 and comparison with native delayed rectifier K⁺ current. J Physiol. 1999; 515(pt 3): 653–667.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

30. Pfrunder D, Kreye VA. Tesdisamil inhibits the delayed rectifier K⁺ current in single smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig portal vein. Pflugers Arch. 1992; 421: 22–25.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

31. Thorneloe KS, Chen TT, Kerr PM, Grier EF, Horowitz B, Cole WC, Walsh MP. Molecular composition of 4-aminopyridine-sensitive voltage-gated K⁺ channels of vascular smooth muscle. Circ Res. 2001; 89: 1030–1037.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

32. Wang Q, Curran ME, Splawski I, Burn TC, Millholland JM, VanRaay TJ, Shen J, Timothy KW, Vincent GM, De Jager T, Schwartz PJ, Toubin JA, Moss AJ, Atkinson DL, Landes GM, Connors TD, Keating MT. Positional cloning of a novel potassium channel gene: KVLQT1 mutations cause cardiac arrhythmias. Nat Genet. 1996; 12: 17–23.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				T. A. Jepps, I. A. Greenwood, J. D. Moffatt, K. M. Sanders, and S. Ohya Molecular and functional characterization of Kv7 K+ channel in murine gastrointestinal smooth muscles Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, July 1, 2009; 297(1): G107 - G115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Joshi, V. Sedivy, D. Hodyc, J. Herget, and A. M. Gurney KCNQ Modulators Reveal a Key Role for KCNQ Potassium Channels in Regulating the Tone of Rat Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2009; 329(1): 368 - 376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. D. Luykenaar, R. A. El-Rahman, M. P. Walsh, and D. G. Welsh Rho-kinase-mediated suppression of KDR current in cerebral arteries requires an intact actin cytoskeleton Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): H917 - H926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Lange, J. Geissendorfer, A. Schenzer, J. Grotzinger, G. Seebohm, T. Friedrich, and M. Schwake Refinement of the Binding Site and Mode of Action of the Anticonvulsant Retigabine on KCNQ K+ Channels Mol. Pharmacol., February 1, 2009; 75(2): 272 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Mackie and K. L. Byron Cardiovascular KCNQ (Kv7) Potassium Channels: Physiological Regulators and New Targets for Therapeutic Intervention Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 2008; 74(5): 1171 - 1179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Mackie, L. I. Brueggemann, K. K. Henderson, A. J. Shiels, L. L. Cribbs, K. E. Scrogin, and K. L. Byron Vascular KCNQ Potassium Channels as Novel Targets for the Control of Mesenteric Artery Constriction by Vasopressin, Based on Studies in Single Cells, Pressurized Arteries, and in Vivo Measurements of Mesenteric Vascular Resistance J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2008; 325(2): 475 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. L. Shang, A. E. Pfahnl, S. Sanyal, Z. Jiao, J. Allen, K. Banach, J. Fahrenbach, D. Weiss, W. R. Taylor, A. M. Zafari, et al. Human Heart Failure Is Associated With Abnormal C-Terminal Splicing Variants in the Cardiac Sodium Channel Circ. Res., November 26, 2007; 101(11): 1146 - 1154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. D. Luykenaar and D. G. Welsh Activators of the PKA and PKG pathways attenuate RhoA-mediated suppression of the KDR current in cerebral arteries Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2007; 292(6): H2654 - H2663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Y. Yeung, P. Sathiagnanam, J. Moffatt, V. Pucovsky, and I. Greenwood KCNQ gene expression in the murine vasculature FASEB J, April 1, 2007; 21(6): A1411 - A1411.

				L. I. Brueggemann, C. J. Moran, J. A. Barakat, J. Z. Yeh, L. L. Cribbs, and K. L. Byron Vasopressin stimulates action potential firing by protein kinase C-dependent inhibition of KCNQ5 in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2007; 292(3): H1352 - H1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Connolly, D. Whittaker, I. Greenwood, P. Aaronson, and R. Tribe Evidence for a role of KCNQ channels in regulating contractility in rat myometrium FASEB J, March 1, 2006; 20(5): A1241 - A1241.

				S. J. Fountain, A. Cheong, R. Flemming, L. Mair, A. Sivaprasadarao, and D. J. Beech Functional up-regulation of KCNA gene family expression in murine mesenteric resistance artery smooth muscle J. Physiol., April 1, 2004; 556(1): 29 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. D. Luykenaar, S. E. Brett, B. N. Wu, W. B. Wiehler, and D. G. Welsh Pyrimidine nucleotides suppress KDR currents and depolarize rat cerebral arteries by activating Rho kinase Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2004; 286(3): H1088 - H1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Data Supplement All Versions of this Article: 92/9/1016    most recent 01.RES.0000070880.20955.F4v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Ohya, S. Articles by Horowitz, B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Ohya, S. Articles by Horowitz, B. Related Collections Electrophysiology Peripheral vascular disease