Published online before print March 21, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000016164.02525.B4
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Molecular Medicine |
CD36 Mediates the Cardiovascular Action of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides in the Heart
From the Faculty of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmacology (V.B., N.M., P.P., D.L., A.D., A.P, H.O.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine (M.F., R.L.S.), Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY; Biovitrum AB (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; and the Department of Pharmacology (E.E.), Université de Sherbrooke, Canada.
Correspondence to Dr Huy Ong, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada. E-mail huy.ong{at}umontreal.ca
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are known as potent growth hormone secretagogues whose actions are mediated by the ghrelin receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor cloned from pituitary libraries. Hexarelin, a hexapeptide of the GHRP family, has reported cardiovascular activity. To identify the molecular target mediating this activity, rat cardiac membranes were labeled with a radioactive photoactivatable derivative of hexarelin and purified using lectin affinity chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. A binding protein of Mr 84 000 was identified. The N-terminal sequence determination of the deglycosylated protein was identical to rat CD36, a multifunctional glycoprotein, which was expressed in cardiomyocytes and microvascular endothelial cells. Activation of CD36 in perfused hearts by hexarelin was shown to elicit an increase in coronary perfusion pressure in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was lacking in hearts from CD36-null mice and hearts from spontaneous hypertensive rats genetically deficient in CD36. The coronary vasoconstrictive response correlated with expression of CD36 as assessed by immunoblotting and covalent binding with hexarelin. These data suggest that CD36 may mediate the coronary vasospasm seen in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
Key Words: acute coronary syndromes • growth hormone-releasing peptides • CD36 scavenger receptor
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) belong to a family of small synthetic peptides modeled from Met-enkephalin, which exhibit potent and dose-dependent GH-releasing activity and also significant prolactin (PRL)- and corticotropin (ACTH)-releasing effects.1 These neuroendocrine activities of GHRPs are mediated by the Ghrelin receptor, a specific G protein-coupled receptor2,3 that has been cloned from mammalian pituitary libraries and its subtypes identified in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and extra-hypothalamic brain regions by binding studies.4 Equilibrium displacement binding assays with GHRPs in different peripheral tissues have shown specific binding sites in the heart, adrenal, ovary, testis, lung, and skeletal muscle.5,6 Significantly, hexarelin, a hexapeptide member of the GHRPs family has been reported to feature cardiovascular activity. Long-term pretreatment of GH-deficient rats with this peptide provided protective effect on hearts from ischemia/reperfusion damages7 and prevented alterations of the vascular endothelium-dependent relaxant function.8 This protective effect was independent of any stimulation of the somatotropic axis,8,9 suggesting a direct action of hexarelin on specific cardiac receptors. Our initial characterization of a putative cardiac GHRP receptor revealed the existence of a binding site for a photoactivatable derivative of hexarelin with a Mr of 84 000 distinct from those identified in the pituitary.6,10 In the present study, we report the identification of the unique GHRP binding site in the heart as CD36, a multifunctional B-type scavenger receptor. We also demonstrate that the activation of this receptor by hexarelin induced a dose-dependent increase in coronary perfusion pressure in isolated perfused hearts. This effect was absent in hearts from CD36-deficient animals. These studies demonstrate a novel function for this scavenger receptor in the regulation of the vascular tone and suggest a potential role for CD36 in pathological vasospasm.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Animals
Hearts from male Sprague-Dawley rats (>400 g, n=110; Charles River, St Constant, Quebec, Canada) were used as source of cardiac membranes for the purification of the hexarelin binding protein. Langendorff perfused heart experiments were performed on spontaneously hypertensive rats/NCrlBR (SHR/NCrlBR) (n=5) and their control strain Wistar-Kyoto/NCrlBR (WKY/NCrlBR) (300 to 325 g, n=5 Charles River) as well as on CD36-null mice (n=8) and their control strain C57Bl/611 (n= 8).
Membrane Preparation
Animal use was in accordance with the Canadian council on animal care guidelines. All animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (Somnotol, 3 mg/100 g, IP) and their hearts were promptly removed and placed in ice-cold saline buffer. Cardiac membranes were prepared according to Harigaya and Schwartz.12
Receptor Binding and Photolabeling With [125I]-Tyr-Bpa-Ala-Hexarelin
The radioiodination procedure of the photoactivatable ligand and the receptor binding assays were performed as described by Ong et al.13 Nonspecific binding was defined as that not displaced by 10 µmol/L hexarelin.
Solubilization of Photolabeled Cardiac Membranes
Photolabeled cardiac membranes were solubilized in buffer A (50 mmol/L Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 100 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L MgCl2, 2 mmol/L CaCl2, 2 mmol/L MnCl2, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mmol/L pepstatin, 1 µmol/L leupeptin, 0.1 µmol/L aprotinin, 0.4 mmol/L Pefabloc) for 20 hours at 4°C. The soluble fraction was obtained by centrifugation at 35 000g for 60 minutes at 4°C.
Purification of Labeled Protein and N-Terminal Sequencing
The solubilized cardiac membranes were consecutively incubated with wheat germ-agarose and lentil-Sepharose for 20 hours at 4°C. The lectin-coupled resins were washed with buffer A used in the solubilization step and the retained proteins were eluted with 0.3 mol/L N-acetylglucosamine and 0.5 mol/L 
-methyl-D-mannopyranoside, respectively. After reduction with 5 mmol/L DTT and alkylation with 10 mmol/L iodoacetamide, the eluted proteins purified by lectin affinity chromatography were separated on 5% preparative SDS-PAGE. The radioactive band at 80 to 90 kDa was cut out of the gel and eluted in buffer B (100 mmol/L NH4HCO3, 0.1% SDS buffer). After acetone precipitation, the sample was reconstituted in buffer C (100 mol/L NaH2PO4 pH 7.0, 10 mmol/L EDTA, 10 mmol/L ß-mercaptoethanol, 0.1% SDS, 0.6% octylglucoside), deglycosylated with 50 U of N-glycosidase F for 20 hours at room temperature, and repurified on 7.5% SDS-PAGE. The radioactive band at Mr 57 000 corresponding to the deglycosylated binding protein of hexarelin was eluted in buffer B, and an aliquot sequenced by Edman degradation using an Hewlett-Packard G1000A protein sequencer in order to obtain the N-terminal sequence of the protein.
Western Blot
Cardiac membrane proteins were quantified by the bicinchoninic acid method, electrophoresed, and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. CD36 was detected by a polyclonal rabbit anti-rat CD36 antibody generated in our laboratory by using the peptide CD36 (164 to 182) coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin as immunogen. The specific anti-CD36 immunoglobulins were purified by affinity on 6% crosslinked agarose coupled to the CD36 (164 to 182) peptide. The CD36/antibody complex was visualized with a peroxidase-linked goat anti-rabbit antibody and chemiluminescent enhancement.
Recombinant Soluble CD36 Expression, Photolabeling, and Immunoprecipitation
Extracellular (152 to 1389) CD36 cDNA was cloned by reverse transcription of rat heart ventricle followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA by using AvanTaq DNA polymerase (Clonetech). Oligonucleotide primers were designed against rat adipocytes CD36 nucleotide sequence14 in which the forward primer 5'-GAATTCCATATGCCGGTTGGAGACCTAC-3' and the reverse primer 5'-CAGGCGAATTCACTTTATTTTCCCGGTCAC-3' contained NdeI and EcoRI endonuclease restriction sites, respectively. The resulting cDNA was subcloned into pET17b vector (Novagen). The construction was transformed into Escherichia coli JM109. Positive recombinant plasmid rCD36-pET17b selected by ampicillin resistance was transformed into E coli BL21. The selected clones were subjected to induction of protein expression with IPTG 0.4 mmol/L for 2 hours at 37°C. E coli cells were harvested, washed, and resuspended in Tris HCl pH 8.0 (50 mmol/L) containing EDTA (5 mmol/L) and proteinase inhibitors (in µmol/L) pepstatin 1.0, leupeptin 1.0, aprotinin 0.1, and Pefabloc 0.4. Cell lysis was performed by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing and sonication. The cell lysate was then centrifuged at 14 000g for 10 minutes, and the supernatant containing the recombinant soluble CD36 protein was submitted to photoaffinity labeling with the radiolabeled photoactivatable hexarelin derivative as described above. After the photolabeling step, the supernatant was first precleared by immunoprecipitation with addition of preimmune rabbit serum (30 µL) and protein A agarose (60 µL) (Roche Mannheim, Germany). The photolabeled protein was then immunoprecipitated using polyclonal rabbit anti-rat CD36 antibody (30 µL) and protein A agarose (60 µL). Both immunoprecipitates bound to protein A were washed and boiled with Tris HCl buffer pH 6.8 (62.5 mmol/L) containing 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 5% 2ß -mercaptoethanol, and 0.00125% bromophenol blue. The eluted radiolabeled material were resolved on SDS-PAGE for autoradiography. E coli containing only the pET17b vector were processed as described above as negative control.
Experimental Protocol With Langendorff Perfused Hearts
Animal use was in accordance with the Canadian council on animal care guidelines. Rats (300 to 350 g) and mice (25 to 30 g) were narcotized with CO2 until complete loss of consciousness and promptly decapitated. Hearts were rapidly immersed into ice-cold Krebs-Henseleit buffer, mounted within 2 minutes on the Langendorff apparatus, and perfused at a constant flow rate by means of a digital peristaltic pump as previously described.14a The normal perfusion solution consisted of a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing (in mmol/L): NaCl 118.0, KCl 4.0, CaCl2 2.5, KH2PO4 1.2, MgSO4 1.0, NaHCO3 24.0, D-glucose 5.0, and pyruvate 2.0, gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2 (pH 7.4), and kept at a constant temperature of 37°C. The perfusion flow rate was between 12 to 15 mL min-1 in rat hearts (yielding a coronary perfusion pressure of 75 mm Hg) and was set at 3 mL min- 1 for mouse hearts. Isovolumetric left ventricular pressure, its first derivative (dP/dt), and heart rate were all measured from a fluid-filled latex balloon inserted into the left ventricle and connected to a pressure transducer. The volume of the balloon was adjusted to obtain a diastolic pressure around 10 mm Hg. Coronary perfusion pressure was recorded with a second pressure transducer connected to a side-port of the perfusion line. All these cardiac functional variables were recorded on a polygraph system (Grass Model 79 polygraph, AstroMed Inc). After a 20-minute stabilization period, dose-response curves to hexarelin were charted by successive infusions of increasing concentrations of the peptide administered through a Y connector of the aortic cannula with a syringe pump. Each infusion was maintained for 5 to 10 minutes, enough to reach steady state.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Affinity Purification of GHRP Receptor in Cardiac Membranes
In our previous study,6 the cardiac binding sites for hexarelin were identified as a heavily glycosylated membrane-associated protein. Lectin affinity chromatography was thus used as initial purification step. Among the various lectins tested, wheat germ agglutinin and lens culinaris were found to give the highest yield (30%). Solubilized photolabeled rat cardiac membranes were successively applied on wheat germ agglutinin and lens culinaris affinity columns. Figure 1, lane 2, depicts the enriched GHRP receptor fraction obtained in the eluate. This was further purified on semipreparative SDS-PAGE and the band of Mr 84 000 (Figure 1, lane 3) was eluted and treated with N-glycosidase F and reapplied on SDS-PAGE. The deglycosylated protein of Mr 57 000 (Figure 1, lane 4) was eluted from the gel and submitted to N-terminal sequence analysis by Edman degradation. The amino acid sequence obtained was GCDRNXGLITGAVIGAVLAFGGILMPVV, which was found identical to the N-terminal sequence of rat CD36 antigen.15,16
|
CD36 Photolabeling and Immunoblotting in SHR and CD36-Null Mice
To further demonstrate that CD36 is the binding site for GHRP in the heart, we performed photolabeling studies of cardiac membrane preparations isolated from 2 different models of CD36 deficiency: CD36-null mice by homologous recombination and rats from the SHR/NCrlBR strain. These rats have been shown to have a defective CD36 gene resulting in the generation of multiple splice variants of CD36 cDNA, with the corresponding proteins being undetectable in the plasma membrane of their adipocytes.17 Covalent photolabeling of cardiac membranes derived from CD36-deficient rats and CD36-null mice with [125I] -Tyr-Bpa-Ala-Hexarelin did not feature any specific binding signal, compared with those from control strains WKY/NCrlBR and C57Bl/6, which showed a specific photolabeled band of Mr 84 000 (Figure 2). Western blot analysis of cardiac membrane proteins from SHR/NCrlBR and CD36 knockout mice using a polyclonal rabbit anti-rat CD36 antibody showed no expression of CD36, which contrasted with the high level of CD36 protein immunodetected at Mr 84 000 in cardiac membranes from WKY/NCrlBR and C57Bl/6 control strains (Figure 3). Taken together, the data of photolabeling and Western blot analysis support the evidence of a unique binding protein for hexarelin corresponding to CD36 in the heart.
|
|
Identification of CD36 as Binding Site of Hexarelin
To confirm the identity of CD36 as the interacting protein of [125I]-Tyr-Bpa-Ala-Hexarelin derivative, we have expressed the extracellular binding domain of this scavenger receptor using E coli BL21 as vector. The photoaffinity labeling of the nonglycosylated soluble form of CD36 was carried out as described above. The immunoprecipitated material using the polyclonal rabbit anti-rat CD36 antibody, resolved by SDS-PAGE, featured a unique radioactive band at Mr 51 000 as shown in the autoradiogram (Figure 4). This band was not observed from the immunoprecipitated material using the nonimmune rabbit serum. The immunoprecipitation of the photoaffinity cross-linking of [ 125I]-Tyr-Bpa-Ala-Hexarelin to the soluble form of CD36 generated a radiolabeled band migrating at Mr 51 000, corresponding to the expected mass of the radioligand-nonglycosylated extracellular CD36 conjugate.
|
GHRP-Induced Coronary Vasoconstriction Is Mediated by CD36
We have previously reported the vasoconstrictive effect of hexarelin in the perfused rat heart model.6 To assess whether this coronary vasoconstriction was mediated by CD36, dose-response curves to hexarelin were performed in the perfused Langendorff hearts collected from SHR/NCrlBR, CD36-null mice, and their control strains WKY/NCrlBR and C57Bl/6, respectively. The basal functional variables in hearts isolated from SHR/NCrlBR were comparable with those from WKY/NCrlBR, with the exception of coronary resistance, which was higher in the former strain (Table 1). Figure 5 (left panel) depicts the increase in coronary perfusion pressure induced by increasing concentrations of hexarelin in hearts isolated from inbreed SHR/NCrlBR and from inbreed controls (WKY/NCrlBR). The increase in coronary perfusion pressure observed at high concentrations of hexarelin in hearts from WKY/NCrlBR was markedly blunted in hearts from CD36-deficient rats. Hexarelin had no chronotropic or inotropic effects in rat hearts (Table 1). The potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II induced comparable response in hearts isolated from both strains (Figure 5, right panel), suggesting that the blunted coronary response to hexarelin from SHR/NCrlBR was not due to nonspecific effects of the elevated blood pressure in these animals.
|
|
CD36-null mice were used as a second model of CD36 deficiency. These animals had normal hearts, as shown by the comparable functional variable values between CD36-null and C57Bl/6 control mice (Table 2). A lower resting coronary resistance was observed in CD36-null mice, which was statistically significant only in the first series of experiments. Hexarelin induced a dose-dependent increase in coronary perfusion pressure in hearts from C57Bl/6 mice that was totally absent in hearts lacking the CD36 protein (Figure 6, left panel). In comparison, angiotensin II induced a dose-dependent vasoconstriction statistically comparable in hearts from both strains of mice (Figure 6, right panel). Hexarelin also induced negative chronotropic (statistically significant in C57Bl/6 mice only) and inotropic effects in mouse hearts (Table 2).
|
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Growth hormone (GH) secretion is well known to be regulated by GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin at the hypothalamic level. The discovery of growth hormone-releasing peptides has revealed the existence of a third pathway for the modulation of GH release.18 This action on GH release is mediated by a G protein-coupled receptor of Mr 41 000, which is mainly expressed at the hypothalamic and pituitary levels.2 Besides this neuroendocrine effect of GHRPs, it was reported that a long-term treatment with hexarelin, a hexapeptide member of the GHRP family, featured a protective effect against postischemic dysfunction in rats. Because no apparent stimulation of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis seemed to be involved, this effect raised the question about the presence of distinct and specific receptors for GHRPs at the myocardial level.9 Our approach to identify these putative receptors by covalent binding studies, using a photoactivatable derivative of hexarelin, has led to the discovery of a distinct type of binding sites in cardiac membranes from different mammalian species.6 Using N-terminal sequencing, the purified photolabeled receptor is identified as CD36, a membrane glycoprotein of Mr 84 000 belonging to the scavenger receptor type-B family of proteins.19 This receptor is specifically expressed in adipose tissue, platelets, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and microvascular endothelium.20,21 The multifunctional character of CD36 has been evidenced by its role in lipid metabolism,22,22a the recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells,23 insulin resistance,24 and the regulation of angiogenesis.25 Effectively, CD36 expressed in the monocytes/macrophages was reported to contribute to the early phase of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through endocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoproteins.26 This scavenger receptor in combination with thrombospondins and the
5ß3 integrin complex was identified as the adhesion molecule on macrophages for the clearance of apoptotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes and for the uptake of apoptotic neutrophils.23 Its role in mediating the negative modulation of angiogenesis of thrombospondins25 has also been documented. In the present study, an unexpected vasoactive role of CD36 elicited by hexarelin in the perfused heart model has been demonstrated. The increase of the coronary perfusion pressure induced by hexarelin in the perfused heart model might result from the direct interaction of this ligand with CD36 expressed on membranes of endothelial cells of the microvasculature because the lack of this effect was observed in CD36 knockout mice and in genetically CD36-deficient SHR. This vasoactive response induced by hexarelin is comparable to that of angiotensin II and is correlated with the expression of the scavenger receptor assessed by immunodetection and covalent photoaffinity labeling with the photoactivatable derivative of hexarelin. The signal transduction pathways mediating the vasoconstrictive effect of hexarelin seemed to involve in part L-type calcium channels and protein kinase C.6 Vasoconstrictor prostanoids were ruled out because the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, was not be able to block the vasoconstriction.6 Apart from the role of CD36 as a scavenger receptor in foam cell formation and atherogenesis, CD36 is reported for the first time to mediate the coronary vasoconstriction, which may explain the vasospasm seen in hypercholesteremia and atherosclerosis.27 The cardiovascular effect of hexarelin mediated by CD36 appears to be distinct to that of ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone-releasing peptide that was reported to feature hypotensive effect with the decrease of the vascular resistance.28,29 This hemodynamic effect of ghrelin was thought to be mediated by its specific G protein-coupled receptor.2,3 Taken together, these results emphasize the cardiovascular importance of CD36 for which the development of potential antagonists may be considered. |
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)-University Program (UOP-50059) (H.O.), Pharmacia-Upjohn, Stockholm, Sweden, the CIHR (MOP-15047) (D.L.), and NIH (HL 58559, HL 46403-10) (R.L.S., M.F.). We gratefully acknowledge the generous gift of hexarelin from Dr R. Deghenghi, Europeptides, Argenteuil, France.
Received November 2, 2001; revision received February 27, 2002; accepted March 12, 2002.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Muccioli G, Camanni F. Growth hormone-releasing peptides. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997; 136: 445–460.
2. Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cully DF, Arena JP, Liberator PA, Rosenblum CI, Hamelin M, Hreniuk DL, Palyha OC, Anderson J, Paress PS, Diaz C, Chou M, Liu KK, McKee KK, Pong SS, Chaung LY, Elbrecht A, Dashkevicz M, Heavens R, Rigby M, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Dean DC, Melillo DG, Van der Ploeg LHT. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science. 1996; 273: 974–977.[Abstract]
3. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999; 402: 656–660.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4.
Kulju McKee K, Palyha OC, Feighner SD, Hreniuk DL, Tan CP, Phillips MS, Smith RG, Van der Ploeg LHT, Howard AD. Molecular analysis of rat pituitary and hypothalamic growth hormone secretogogue receptors. Mol Endocrinol. 1997; 11: 415–423.
5.
Papotti M, Ghè C, Cassoni P, Catapano F, Deghenghi R, Ghigo D, Muccioli G. Growth hormone secretagogue binding sites in peripheral human tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85: 3803–3807.
6.
Bodart V, Bouchard JF, McNicoll N, Escher E, Carrière P, Ghigo E, Sejlitz T, Sirois MG, Lamontagne D, Ong H. Identification and characterization of a new growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor in the heart. Circ Res. 1999; 85: 796–802.
7. de Gennaro Colonna V, Rossoni G, Bernareggi M, Müller EE, Berti F. Cardiac ischemia and impairment of vascular endothelium function in hearts from growth hormone-deficient rats: protection by hexarelin. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997; 334: 201–207.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Rossoni G, de Gennaro Colonna V, Bernareggi M, Polvani GL, Müller EE, Berti F. Protectant activity of Hexarelin or growth hormone against postischemic ventricular dysfunction in hearts from aged rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998; 32: 260–265.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9.
Locatelli V, Rossoni G, Schweiger F, Torsello A, de Gennaro Colonna V, Bernareggi M, Deghenghi R, Müller EE, Berti F. Growth hormone-independent cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in the rat. Endocrinology. 1999; 140: 4024–4031.
10. Smith RG, Leonard R, Bailey ART, Palyha O, Feighner S, Tan C, McKee KK, Pong SS, Griffin P, Howard A. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor family members and ligands. Endocrine. 2001; 14: 9–14.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
11.
Febbraio M, Abumrad NA, Hajjar DP, Sharma K, Cheng W, Pearce SF, Silverstein RL. A null mutation in murine CD36 reveals an important role in fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 19055–19062.
12.
Harigaya S, Schwartz A. Rate of calcium binding and uptake in normal animal and failing human cardiac muscle: membrane vesicles (relaxing system) and mitochondria. Circ Res. 1969; 25: 781–794.
13.
Ong H, McNicoll N, Escher E, Collu R, Deghenghi R, Locatelli V, Ghigo E, Muccioli G, Boghen M, Nilsson M. Identification of a pituitary growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) receptor subtype by photoaffinity labeling. Endocrinology. 1998; 139: 432–435.
14.
Abumrad NA, el Maghrabi MR, Amri EZ, Lopez E, Grimaldi PA. Cloning of a rat adipocyte membrane protein implicated in binding or transport of long-chain fatty acids that is induced during preadipocyte differentiation: homology with human CD36. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268: 17665–17668.
14. Bouchard JF, Lamontagne D. Mechanism of protection afforded by preconditioning to endothelial function against ischemic injury. Am J Physiol. 1996; 271: H1801–H1806.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
15.
Okumura T, Jamieson GA. Platelet glycocalicin, I: Orientation of glycoproteins of the human platelet surface. J Biol Chem. 1976; 251: 5944–5949.
16.
Ibrahimi A, Bonen A, Blinn WD, Hajri T, Li X, Zhong K, Cameron R, Abumrad NA. Muscle-specific overexpression of FAT/CD36 enhances fatty acid oxidation by contracting muscle, reduces plasma triglycerides and fatty acids, and increases plasma glucose and insulin. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 26761–26766.
17. Aitman TJ, Glazier AM, Wallace CA, Cooper LD, Norsworthy PJ, Wahid FN, Al-Majali KM, Trembling PM, Mann CJ, Shoulders CC, Graf D, St. Lezin E, Kurtz TW, Kren V, Pravenec M, Ibrahimi A, Abumrad NA, Stanton LW, Scott J. Identification of Cd36 (Fat) as an insulin-resistance gene causing defective fatty acid and glucose metabolism in hypertensive rats. Nat Genet. 1999; 21: 76–83.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
18.
Smith RG, Van der Ploeg LHT, Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cheng K, Hickey GJ, Wyvratt MJ, Fisher MH, Nargund RP, Patchett AA. Peptidomimetic regulation of growth hormone secretion. Endocr Rev. 1997; 18: 621–645.
19. Guthmann F, Haupt R, Looman AC, Spener F, Rustow B. Fatty acid translocase/CD36 mediates the uptake of palmitate by type II pneumocytes. Am J Physiol. 1999; 277: L191–L196.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
20.
Greenwalt DE, Lipsky RH, Ockenhouse CF, Ikeda H, Tandon NN, Jamieson GA. Membrane glycoprotein CD36: a review of its roles in adherence, signal transduction, and transfusion medicine. Blood. 1992; 80: 1105–1115.
21.
Dawson DW, Pearce SFA, Zhong R, Silverstein RL, Frazier WA, Bouck NP. CD36 mediates the in vitro inhibitory effects of thrombospondin-1 in endothelial cells. J Cell Biol. 1997; 138: 707–717.
22.
Coburn CT, Knapp JFF, Febbraio M, Beets AL, Silverstein RL, Abumrad NA. Defective uptake and utilization of long chain fatty acids in muscle and adipose tissues of CD36 knockout mice. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 32523–32529.
22.
Han J, Hajjar DP, Febbraio M, Nicholson AC. Native and modified low density lipoproteins increase the functional expression of macrophage class B scavenger receptor, CD36. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272: 21654–21659.
23. Savill J. Apoptosis: phagocytic docking without shocking. Nature. 1998; 392: 442–443.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
24. Pravenec M, Landa V, Zidek V, Musilova A, Kren V, Kazdova L, Aitman TJ, Glazier AM, Ibrahimi A, Abumrad NA, Qi N, Wang JM, St Lezin EM, Kurtz TW. Transgenic rescue of defective Cd36 ameliorates insulin resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nat Genet. 2001; 27: 156–158.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
25. Jiménez B, Volpert OV, Crawford SE, Febbraio M, Silverstein RL, Bouck N. Signals leading to apoptosis-dependent inhibition of neovascularization by thrombospondin-1. Nat Med. 2000; 6: 41–48.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
26. Febbraio M, Podrez EA, Smith JD, Hajjar DP, Hazen SL, Hoff HF, Sharma K, Silverstein RL. Targeted disruption of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 protects against atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. J Clin Invest. 2000; 105: 1049–1056.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
27. Simon BC, Cunningham LD, Cohen RA. Oxidized low density lipoproteins cause contraction and inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation in the pig coronary artery. J Clin Invest. 1990; 86: 75–79.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
28.
Nagaya N, Uematsu M, Kojima M, Ikeda Y, Yoshihara F, Shimizu W, Hosoda H, Hirota Y, Ishida H, Mori H, Kangawa K. Chronic administration of ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and attenuates development of cardiac cachexia in rats with heart failure. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1430–1435.
29. Nagaya N, Kojima M, Uematsu M, Yamagishi M, Hosoda H, Oya H, Hayashi Y, Kangawa K. Hemodynamic and hormonal effects of human grhelin in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol. 2001; 280: R1483–R1487.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. Bujold, D. Rhainds, C. Jossart, M. Febbraio, S. Marleau, and H. Ong CD36-mediated cholesterol efflux is associated with PPAR{gamma} activation via a MAPK-dependent COX-2 pathway in macrophages Cardiovasc Res, May 13, 2009; (2009) cvp118v2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. R. Greaves and S. Gordon The macrophage scavenger receptor at 30 years of age: current knowledge and future challenges J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2009; 50(Supplement): S282 - S286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. S. Kar, M. Z. Ashraf, M. Valiyaveettil, and E. A. Podrez Mapping and Characterization of the Binding Site for Specific Oxidized Phospholipids and Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein of Scavenger Receptor CD36 J. Biol. Chem., March 28, 2008; 283(13): 8765 - 8771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. P.Y. Koonen, M. Febbraio, S. Bonnet, J. Nagendran, M. E. Young, E. D. Michelakis, and J. R.B. Dyck CD36 Expression Contributes to Age-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Mice Circulation, November 6, 2007; 116(19): 2139 - 2147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Xu, J. Pang, H. Yin, M. Li, W. Hao, C. Chen, and J.-M. Cao Hexarelin suppresses cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in rat Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): H2952 - H2958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Rodrigue-Way, A. Demers, H. Ong, and A. Tremblay A Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis and a Fat Burning-Like Phenotype through Scavenger Receptor CD36 in White Adipocytes Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1009 - 1018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Iantorno, H. Chen, J.-a Kim, M. Tesauro, D. Lauro, C. Cardillo, and M. J. Quon Ghrelin has novel vascular actions that mimic PI 3-kinase-dependent actions of insulin to stimulate production of NO from endothelial cells Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2007; 292(3): E756 - E764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Avallone, A. Demers, A. Rodrigue-Way, K. Bujold, D. Harb, S. Anghel, W. Wahli, S. Marleau, H. Ong, and A. Tremblay A Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide that Binds Scavenger Receptor CD36 and Ghrelin Receptor Up-Regulates Sterol Transporters and Cholesterol Efflux in Macrophages through a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma}-Dependent Pathway Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2006; 20(12): 3165 - 3178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M D. Robertson, A. S Bickerton, A L. Dennis, H. Vidal, and K. N Frayn Insulin-sensitizing effects of dietary resistant starch and effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2005; 82(3): 559 - 567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Holst, E. Brandt, A. Bach, A. Heding, and T. W. Schwartz Nonpeptide and Peptide Growth Hormone Secretagogues Act Both as Ghrelin Receptor Agonist and as Positive or Negative Allosteric Modulators of Ghrelin Signaling Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2005; 19(9): 2400 - 2411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Caminos, O. Gualillo, F. Lago, M. Otero, M. Blanco, R. Gallego, T. Garcia-Caballero, M. B. Goldring, F. F. Casanueva, J. J. Gomez-Reino, et al. The Endogenous Growth Hormone Secretagogue (Ghrelin) Is Synthesized and Secreted by Chondrocytes Endocrinology, March 1, 2005; 146(3): 1285 - 1292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Rindi, A. Torsello, V. Locatelli, and E. Solcia Ghrelin Expression and Actions: A Novel Peptide for an Old Cell Type of the Diffuse Endocrine System Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2004; 229(10): 1007 - 1016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. van der Lely, M. Tschop, M. L. Heiman, and E. Ghigo Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2004; 25(3): 426 - 457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Wierup, S. Yang, R. J. McEvilly, H. Mulder, and F. Sundler Ghrelin Is Expressed in a Novel Endocrine Cell Type in Developing Rat Islets and Inhibits Insulin Secretion from INS-1 (832/13) Cells J. Histochem. Cytochem., March 1, 2004; 52(3): 301 - 310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Thompson, D. A. S. Gill, R. Davies, N. Loveridge, P. A. Houston, I. C. A. F. Robinson, and T. Wells Ghrelin and Des-Octanoyl Ghrelin Promote Adipogenesis Directly in Vivo by a Mechanism Independent of the Type 1a Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Endocrinology, January 1, 2004; 145(1): 234 - 242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A Lucchesi Growth hormone-releasing peptides and the heart: secretagogues or cardioprotectors? Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2004; 61(1): 7 - 8. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-B. Xu, J.-M. Cao, J.-J. Pang, R.-K. Xu, C. Ni, W.-L. Zhu, K. Asotra, M.-C. Chen, and C. Chen The Positive Inotropic and Calcium-Mobilizing Effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides on Rat Heart Endocrinology, November 1, 2003; 144(11): 5050 - 5057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Torsello, E. Bresciani, G. Rossoni, R. Avallone, G. Tulipano, D. Cocchi, I. Bulgarelli, R. Deghenghi, F. Berti, and V. Locatelli Ghrelin Plays a Minor Role in the Physiological Control of Cardiac Function in the Rat Endocrinology, May 1, 2003; 144(5): 1787 - 1792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Baldanzi, N. Filigheddu, S. Cutrupi, F. Catapano, S. Bonissoni, A. Fubini, D. Malan, G. Baj, R. Granata, F. Broglio, et al. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT J. Cell Biol., December 23, 2002; 159(6): 1029 - 1037. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||