Published online before print December 13, 2001, doi: 10.1161/hh0202.103613
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Molecular Medicine |
Cardiotrophin-1 Stimulation of Cardiac Fibroblast Growth
Roles for Glycoprotein 130/Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor and the Endothelin Type A Receptor
From the Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
Correspondence to Toshihiro Tsuruda, MD, PhD, Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St SW, Guggenheim 995, Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail tsuruda.toshihiro{at}mayo.edu
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a member of the interleukin-6 superfamily, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are potent hypertrophic factors in cardiomyocytes. Although CT-1 and ET-1 gene expression in the heart is upregulated in experimental heart failure, their role in the activation of the cardiac fibroblast is unknown. This study was designed to identify the presence and action of CT-1 and its receptor complex, glycoprotein130 (gp130) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) receptor, on cardiac fibroblast growth in cultured adult canine cardiac fibroblasts. In addition, we investigated the interaction between CT-1/gp130/LIF receptor and ET-1/endothelin type A (ETA) receptor axis. Immunohistochemistry was performed using the indirect immunoperoxidase method, while we assessed the cell cycle of cardiac fibroblasts by flow cytometry, DNA synthesis by [3H]thymidine incorporation, and collagen synthesis by [3H]proline incorporation, respectively. CT-1 and gp130/LIF receptor were widely present in the cytoplasm of the cardiac fibroblasts. Exogenous CT-1 markedly stimulated [3H]thymidine and [3H]proline incorporations (P<0.01), with accumulation of cells in the S phase. Blockade of gp130 or LIF receptor inhibited basal growth as well as CT-1– or ET-1–stimulated cardiac fibroblast growth. The specific ETA receptor antagonist, BQ123, significantly inhibited CT-1–stimulated DNA synthesis. This study demonstrates that CT-1 and its receptors are present in cardiac fibroblasts. In addition, growth of these cells stimulated by endogenous and exogenous CT-1 requires gp130/LIF receptor as well as ETA receptor activation. We conclude that gp130/LIF receptor and ETA receptor activation are essential for cardiac fibroblast growth by CT-1 and that there is synergism with ET-1/ETA receptor axis.
Key Words: cardiac fibroblast • cardiotrophin-1 • glycoprotein130 • leukemia inhibitory factor receptor • endothelin-type A receptor
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Many lines of evidence have revealed that several humoral factors, including angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), contribute to the progression of cardiac hypertrophy and congestive heart failure in the adaptive process.1,2 These pathological states are accompanied by cardiomyocyte growth, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen accumulation. Importantly, excessive fibrosis causes a reduction in diastolic compliance, resulting in impaired myocardial function and heart failure.
Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) has recently been identified as a member of the interleukin (IL)-6 super family, which has growth-promoting properties in cardiomyocytes.3 CT-1 binds to glycoprotein130 (gp130) and the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) receptor, a component of the gp130 receptor.4 Two signaling pathways, signal transducer and activator of transcription and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), have been identified.5 CT-1 gene expression is present in various organs, including the heart,6 and it has been reported that CT-1 gene expression is increased in ventricular myocardium after myocardial infarction (MI)7 and in hypertensive rats.6,8 We recently reported that cardiac CT-1 gene expression is activated in both canine atrial and ventricular myocardium in experimental congestive heart failure.9 Based on these data, CT-1 may have an important role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. However, the presence of CT-1 and its receptor complex on the cardiac fibroblast is unknown, as is its action on cardiac fibroblast growth.
ET-1 and Ang II are growth promoters in both cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts.10–12 ET-1 is activated following MI and in hypertensive heart disease.13,14 It has been reported that ET-1, derived from cardiac fibroblasts, mediates cardiac hypertrophy via endothelin type A (ETA) receptor by a paracrine mechanism.15 Both CT-1 and ET-1 mediate via MAPK on growth5,16 but the interaction between CT-1/gp130/LIF receptor axis and the endothelin system remains unknown.
The current study was designed to identify the presence and action of CT-1 and its receptor in cultured adult canine cardiac fibroblasts. In addition, we investigated the interaction of the CT-1/gp130/LIF receptor complex and the ET-1/ETA axis on cardiac fibroblast growth. Our goal was to provide new insights into the biology of CT-1 in cardiac fibroblasts including potential cross-talk.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Cell Culture
Normal adult canine ventricular cardiac fibroblasts were prepared according to the method described by Weber et al17 with some modification.18 In brief, the left ventricular free wall was excised from an adult mongrel dog (Antech, Inc, Barnhart, Mo) anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The tissue was rinsed with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and minced with surgical scissors into small pieces, and then digested with 0.12% trypsin and 0.03% collagenase for 8 periods of 10 minutes in each. The collected cells were preincubated in Medium 199 (M199) (BioWhittaker) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37°C for 2 hours to allow nonmyocyte cells (mostly cardiac fibroblasts) to attach to the bottom of culture dishes. After decanting of the medium, the cells were cultured with fresh M199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin, and 0.25 µg/mL amphotericin B in 5% CO2/95% humidified air at 37°C. Antibodies for gp130, LIF receptor, or ETA receptor antagonist, or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, or a MAPK inhibitor, PD98059, were added to the culture medium 30 minutes before adding CT-1 or ET-1. We used the cardiac fibroblasts within three passages in this experiment. The cultured cells exhibited positive staining for vimentin and negative staining for von Willebrand factor,
-smooth muscle actin, and -sarcomeric actin, indicating that there was no relevant contamination of our cardiac fibroblast culture with endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells or cardiac myocytes (data not shown). This study conformed to the guidelines of the American Physiological Society and was approved by the Mayo Clinic Animal Care and Use Committee.
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemical analysis for CT-1, gp130, LIF receptor, and ET-1 was performed as previously described.19 In brief, cultured cardiac fibroblasts were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes and washed 3 times with PBS. To block the endogenous peroxidase, cells were incubated with 0.6% hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 20 minutes at room temperature. After washing the cells with PBS, they were incubated with 5% normal goat serum for 10 minutes at room temperature to reduce the nonspecific background. Then, they were incubated with rabbit polyclonal antibodies for CT-1 (Research Diagnostics Inc, Flanders, NJ), gp130, and LIF receptor, and for ET-1 (Phoenix, Belmont, Calif) at a dilution of 1:100 at room temperature for 24 hours. Cells were incubated with a second antibody-horseradish peroxidase conjugate for 30 minutes at a dilution of 1:100. Visualization was achieved by incubating the cells with freshly prepared reagent containing 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (Sigma) dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium acetate. Cells were also counterstained with hematoxylin and examined under the microscope (Olympus). The specificity of the antibodies for gp130 and LIF receptors was confirmed by substitution of nonimmune rabbit serum, absorption testing, and Western blotting.
Flow Cytometry
After 48 hours of incubation with 1% FBS containing M199 medium in 6-well culture plates, we further incubated cells with fresh 1% FBS containing M199 medium in the absence or presence of 10-8 mol/L of CT-1 for 24 hours. Cells were harvested by trypsinization and rinsed in PBS, and the DNA content was assessed by flow cytometric measurement of propidium iodide fluorescence. Fraction of cells in G0/G1, S, and G2/M phase was estimated using Becton Dickinson FACScan flow cytometer with ModFit software. A minimum of 10 000 cells was analyzed to determine the percentage of cells in each phase.
Proliferation Assay
The rate of DNA synthesis was assayed by measuring [3H]thymidine in the acid-insoluble fraction of the cells as previously described.18 Collagen synthesis was assessed by [3H]proline incorporation into cells. After reaching 60% to 70% confluence in 24-well culture plates, M199 medium containing 1% FBS was changed and incubated for 48 hours. Fibroblasts were then exposed to CT-1 with or without antibodies for CT-1, gp130, LIF receptor, or BQ123, or genistein, PD98059, in the fresh medium. Cells were pulsed with 1.0 µCi/mL of [3H]thymidine over the last 4 hours of the total 24 hours of this incubation period. For collagen synthesis, cells were pulsed with 5.0 µCi/mL of [3H]proline for 40 hours and then washed three times with cold PBS and incubated with 10% trichloroacetic acid at 4°C for 20 minutes. After cell residues were rinsed with 95% ethanol, the dried materials were solubilized in 0.5 N NaOH for 2 hours. Radioactivity of the solubilized materials was determined using a liquid scintillation counter (LS 6000SC, Beckman Inc). The results were divided by protein content and expressed as the percent of control. The protein content was measured by Lowry’s method.20
Western Blotting
For detection of translocation, the cardiac fibroblasts were harvested according to previous reported methods21 with minor modifications. Briefly, cells were homogenized by sonication in homogenation buffer (10 µL of each proteinase inhibitor: 5 mg/mL leupeptin, 10 mg/mL aprotinin, 1 µmol/L pepstatin, 100 mmol/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride in 1 mL of solution containing 250 mmol/L Sucrose, 10 mmol/L ethylene glycol-bis(ß-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, 2 mmol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 20 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, and centrifuged (14 000 rpm) for 15 minutes. The supernatant was collected as a cytosol fraction. The pellet was sonicated with homogenized buffer described above with 1% Triton X-100 and centrifuged at 14 000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was collected as a particulate fraction. For immunoblotting, 30 µg of denatured protein was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) on a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad), and separated proteins were electrophoretically transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Bio-Rad). Nonspecific binding was blocked by incubation with 5% nonfat dry milk overnight and Boehringer blocking buffer (0.5% Boehringer blocking agent, 10 mmol/L Trizma-base, 150 mmol/L NaCl, pH 7.4) at room temperature for 2 hours. The PVDF membranes were then incubated with the anti-gp130 polyclonal antibody (1:2000) or anti-LIF receptor polyclonal antibody (1:2500) for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing in Tween-20 buffer, the membranes were incubated with goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase (1:10 000) for 1 hour at room temperature. The immunoreactive bands were visualized by ECL Plus detection (Amersham).
Reagents
Recombinant human CT-1 was purchased from Research Diagnostics, Inc, (Flanders, NJ); endothelin-1 and BQ123 from Phoenix (Belmont, Calif); Angiotensin II and monoclonal anti–-sarcomeric actin from Sigma; monoclonal antibodies for vimentin, -smooth muscle, and von Willebrand factor from DACO (Carpinteria, Calif); Genistein and PD98059 from Calbiochem; [Methyl-3H]thymidine and L-[2,3,4,5-3H]proline from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech; and antibodies for rabbit polyclonal gp130, LIF receptor, and goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibody from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
Statistical Analysis
Unpaired Student’s t test was used for comparison between 2 groups. Multiple comparisons were assessed with 1-way ANOVA followed by Scheffè’s test. All data were expressed as mean±SEM of the samples examined and a value of P
0.05 was considered significant.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Immunohistochemical Staining for CT-1, gp130, LIF Receptor, and ET-1 in Canine Cardiac Ventricular Fibroblasts
Positive staining was observed for CT-1 and its receptors, gp130 and LIF receptor, in canine cardiac fibroblasts. Representative immunohistochemical stainings are illustrated in Figure 1. Positive immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the cytoplasm of cells. ET-1 immunoreactivity was distributed in a similar pattern to CT-1 and its receptors. The cells treated with preabsorbed excessive peptides demonstrated little or no immunoreactivitive stainings for these antibodies (data not shown).
|
Effect of CT-1 on Cell Cycle, De Novo DNA, and Collagen Synthesis
Figure 2 illustrates the effects of CT-1 on the cell cycle (A) by flow cytometric measurement, and [3H]thymidine (B) and [3H]proline (C) incorporation. CT-1 (10-8 mol/L) increased the percentage of cells in S phase 4-fold (P<0.01). In addition, 10-8 mol/L of CT-1 significantly (P<0.01) stimulated [3H]thymidine and [3H]proline incorporation into the cells by 186% and 21%, respectively.
|
Dose Responses of CT-1, Ang II, and ET-1 on De Novo DNA and Collagen Synthesis in Cardiac Fibroblasts
Figure 3A illustrates the dose-response of CT-1 on DNA synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. CT-1 markedly (P<0.01) stimulated [3H]thymidine uptake into cells in a dose-dependent manner between 10-11 and 10-8 mol/L, with maximal effects at 10-8 mol/L. Although 10-7 mol/L of Ang II or ET-1 induced DNA synthesis in these cells (Figures 3B and 3C), the effect of CT-1 was much greater. CT-1 also significantly (P<0.01) stimulated [3H]proline incorporation into the cells between 10-11 and 10-8 mol/L (Figure 3D).
|
Effect of Antibodies for gp130, LIF Receptor, or CT-1 on the CT-1 Action
Figures 4A to 4D illustrate the effects of antibody blockade of gp130 or LIF receptor as well as CT-1 on basal and CT-1–induced cardiac fibroblast growth. Pretreatment with antibodies for gp130 or LIF receptor significantly (P<0.01) inhibited basal and CT-1 (10-8 mol/L)–induced [3H]thymidine incorporations. As shown in Figure 4C, these antibodies showed a similar inhibitory effect on [3H]proline incorporation. In addition, antibody for CT-1 also significantly inhibited basal (P<0.05) as well as CT-1–stimulated (P<0.01) [3H]thymidine incorporation (Figure 4D).
|
Effect of Inhibitors for Tyrosine and MAPK on CT-1–Stimulated Cell Growth
Figures 5A to 5D illustrate the effect of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and PD98059, a MAPK inhibitor, on basal and CT-1 (10-8 mol/L)–stimulated DNA and collagen synthesis. Pretreatment with these inhibitors (10-5 mol/L) significantly (P<0.01) inhibited basal and CT-1–stimulated DNA synthesis, respectively. In addition, these inhibitors also had a significant inhibitory effect of collagen synthesis by CT-1.
|
Effect of ETA Receptor Antagonism on CT-1–Stimulated DNA Synthesis
Figure 6A illustrates the action of BQ123, a specific ETA receptor antagonist, on ET-1–stimulated DNA synthesis. BQ123 significantly (P<0.01) inhibited not only basal (ie, by endogenous ET-1) but also DNA synthesis by exogenous ET-1. In addition, BQ123 significantly (P<0.01) attenuated CT-1–stimulated DNA synthesis between 10-5 mol/L and 10-6 mol/L (Figure 6B).
|
Effect of Anti-gp130 or LIF Receptor Antibody on the ET-1 Action
Figures 7A and 7B illustrate the effect of antibodies for gp130 or LIF receptor on basal and ET-1–stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation. These antibodies significantly (P<0.01) inhibited the basal as well as ET-1–stimulated DNA synthesis, respectively.
|
Localization of gp130 and LIF Receptor in Cytosolic and Particulate Fraction
Figures 8A and 8B illustrate the distribution of the band for gp130 and LIF receptor in the cardiac fibroblasts. gp130 was detectable as a band of 13 kDa and was present in the cytosol as well as particulate fraction, whereas neither CT-1 or ET-1 changed the intensity of the band. LIF receptor was also recognized as a band for 19 kDa and present predominantly in the particulate fraction. The band of cytosolic as well as particulate fraction was enhanced by treatment with 10-7 mol/L ET-1.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Cardiac fibroblasts, which represent 25% of the volume and 70% of the total cell number of the heart,22,23 serve a vital role in preserving myocardial structure. In addition, they importantly participate in the progression of ventricular remodeling.24 The objective of the current study was to advance our understanding of cardiac fibroblast biology and specifically determine the presence of the hypertrophic factor CT-1 and its receptor complex (gp130 and LIF) in cultured canine cardiac fibroblasts. We also sought to reveal the growth promoting properties of CT-1 on fibroblasts and the cross-talk with the ET-1/ETA receptor system. The present findings establish the presence of CT-1, gp130, and LIF receptor immunoreactivity in cardiac fibroblasts by immunohistochemistry. We also report the modulating prospective of CT-1 and ET-1 on fibroblast growth and the importance of the gp130/LIF receptor as well as ETA receptor on the action of CT-1.
Aoyama et al7 have reported that increased CT-1 and gp130 immunoreactivities are detectable in both the cytoplasm and the perinuclear region of cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblast-like cells after MI, and translocation of gp130 occurs from cytoplasm to the cell surface, suggesting that CT-1 and its receptor may participate in ventricular remodeling. In addition, CT-1 gene expression has been reported to be more intense in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts, compared with that of cardiomyocytes.25 Although it was suggested that release of CT-1 from cardiac fibroblasts might be important for the growth of cardiomyocytes, the action of CT-1 on cardiac fibroblasts has remained unknown.
Our findings confirm and extend these previous reports and demonstrate that exogenous CT-1 stimulates DNA and collagen synthesis with the accumulation of cells in the S phase. Although Ang II and ET-1 have been reported to be important growth promoters in cardiac fibroblasts, the action of these peptides on adult cardiac fibroblasts in culture were less than those of previous studies using neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts.11,12,18,26 Importantly, we observed that CT-1 exhibited a much stronger activity compared with these 2 other vasoactive peptides.
Recently, Talwar et al27 have reported that plasma CT-1 concentration in normal humans is 10-11 to 10-10 mol/L, and increases to 10-10 to 10-9 mol/L in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Furthermore, CT-1 gene expression has been reported to increase in the infarcted ventricular myocardium7 and in hypertensive rats, both of which are accompanied by both cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the interstitium.6,8 Based on these data, CT-1 may act on fibroblast growth under both pathological and physiological conditions.
CT-1 has been reported to act via the heterodimerization of gp130 and the LIF receptor–signaling subunit.4 Indeed, we report that not only blocking CT-1 by anti–CT-1 antibody but also blocking heterodimerization by pretreatment with either the antibody for gp130 or LIF receptor significantly inhibited the actions of exogenous CT-1. In addition, these antibodies also inhibited basal levels of DNA and collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. Although antibodies used in this study were not monoclonal for selective detection of gp130 or LIF receptor by Western blotting (data not shown), these data suggest that endogenous CT-1, which may be secreted from cardiac fibroblasts, may act at least in part as a growth factor in an autocrine/paracrine mechanism via gp130/LIF receptor complex. Consistent with this concept is the observation that mice lacking gp130 display a lethal and deficient phenotype showing defects affecting ventricular myocardial development.28
Recently, marked cardiac distention induced by aortic constriction was reported in a murine gp130 knockout model, in which the mutation was confined to the ventricular myocardium.29 In addition, it has been reported that CT-1 is antiapoptotic and cytoprotective,30,31 and that mice lacking the LIF receptor exhibit placental, skeletal, neural, and metabolic defects that are lethal in the perinatal phase.32 Considering these data, our results are consistent with the emerging concept that CT-1 and gp130/LIF receptor complex on the cardiac fibroblast may be vital for interstitial maintenance of myocardial structure. By contrast, excessive CT-1 in pathological conditions such as MI or hypertensive heart disease may stimulate fibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix proteins and thus cause excessive cardiac fibrosis. Further studies investigating this speculation are warranted.
Finally, we have elucidated an interaction between CT-1/gp130/LIF receptor complex and ET-1/ETA receptor axis on DNA synthesis, which has not been reported to date. ET-1, derived from cardiac fibroblasts, has been known to mediate a hypertrophic response via the ETA receptor in cardiomyocytes.15 In addition, CT-1 and ET-1 share a common signal transduction system, which includes MAPK activation.5,16 Saito et al33 have reported that ANP- and ß-MHC–luciferase activation by ET-1 was inhibited when cardiomyocytes were transfected with a dominant negative mutant of gp130. Our hypothesis that CT-1 activation of DNA synthesis would couple to ET-1/ETA receptor in the cardiac fibroblast was confirmed by the findings that the specific ETA receptor antagonist, BQ123, inhibited not only ET-1– but also CT-1–stimulated DNA synthesis.
To date, the interaction between cytokines and vasoactive peptides in the heart remains to be fully characterized. The relationship of the local angiotensin system and IL-6 family including CT-1 has been reported to be involved in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy.34,35 In addition, it is reported that tumor necrosis factor- augments Ang II type 1 receptors in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts.36 In this study, kinases for tyrosine and MAP are involved for growth of cardiac fibroblasts by CT-1. Secondly, pretreatment with antibodies for gp130/LIF receptor abolished the action of ET-1. Thirdly, our study importantly indicates that ET-1 stimulates the translocation of LIF receptor from cytosol to cell surface. Our data suggest that an interaction between CT-1/gp130/LIF receptor and ET-1/ETA receptor may occur in cardiac fibroblasts, and cross-talk between these 2 systems is of importance in cardiac fibroblast activation.
All IL-6 family members, such as IL-6, CT-1, LIF, oncostatin M, and ciliary neurotrophic factor, require gp130 as a signal-transducing subunit and all share similar biological actions.5,37 Our in vitro studies suggest that their binding to gp130 and LIF receptor may affect endogenous proliferative stimulatory actions. In addition, we used 1% FBS in the experiments. We therefore cannot exclude the possibility of an effect of serum on CT-1 action. It should be noted that it remains unknown whether the in vitro data in the current study can be extended to the in vivo situation. Our study in a canine model of early dilated cardiomyopathy produced by progressively increasing pacing rates (180 to 200 bpm for approximately 14 to 20 days)38 demonstrates that ventricular CT-1 and gp130 are decreased and LIF receptor is enhanced, as compared with normal, by immunohistochemical staining (data not shown). Considering the important role of cardiac fibroblasts, which maintain the structure of the heart, this in vivo finding suggests that impaired CT-1 protein and gp130 axis in this model could contribute to progressive ventricular remodeling. Further studies will be required to clarify the role of CT-1 and its potential cross-talk with ET-1 in the intact heart. Nonetheless, the current studies support the concept that CT-1 and gp130/LIF receptor complex contribute to the regulation of cardiac structure via a mechanism that involves the ET-1/ETA receptor axis.
In conclusion, we report that CT-1 and its receptor complex are present in adult canine cardiac fibroblasts. The action of CT-1 and its receptor complex on cardiac fibroblast growth also involves an important cross-talk with the endothelin system. These findings, therefore, provide important new insights into the biology of the cardiac fibroblast and important interactions between cytokines and vasoactive peptides.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This research was supported by grant HL-36634 from the National Institute of Health, by the Miami Heart Research Institute, by the Mayo Foundation, and by the Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Program in Vascular Biology. T. Tsuruda was supported by the fellowship of Japan Heart Foundation. We gratefully thank Denise M. Heublein and Sharon M. Sandberg for their technical assistance and Linda Combs for her assistance in preparing the manuscript.
Received May 25, 2001; revision received December 3, 2001; accepted December 3, 2001.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Swedberg K, Eneroth P, Kjekshus J, Wilhelmsen L. Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality: CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Circulation. 1990; 82: 1730–1736.
2.
Wei CM, Lerman A, Rodeheffer RJ, McGregor CG, Brandt RR, Wright S, Heublein DM, Kao PC, Edwards WD, Burnett JC, Jr. Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1994; 89: 1580–1586.
3.
Pennica D, King KL, Shaw KJ, Luis E, Rullamas J, Luoh SM, Darbonne WC, Knutzon DS, Yen R, Chien KR, Baker JB, Wood WI. Expression cloning of cardiotrophin 1, a cytokine that induces cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92: 1142–1146.
4.
Pennica D, Shaw KJ, Swanson TA, Moore MW, Shelton DL, Zioncheck KA, Rosenthal A, Taga T, Paoni NF, Wood WI. Cardiotrophin-1: biological activities and binding to the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor/gp130 signaling complex. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270: 10915–10922.
5. Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Müller-Newen G, Schaper F, Graeve L. Interleukin-6–type cytokine signalling through the gp130/Jak/STAT pathway. Biochem J. 1998; 334; 297–314.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
6. Ishikawa M, Saito Y, Miyamoto Y, Kuwahara K, Ogawa E, Nakagawa O, Harada M, Masuda I, Nakao K. cDNA cloning of rat cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1): augmented expression of CT-1 gene in ventricle of genetically hypertensive rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996; 219: 377–381.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Aoyama T, Takimoto Y, Pennica D, Inoue R, Shinoda E, Hattori R, Yui Y, Sasayama S. Augmented expression of cardiotrophin-1 and its receptor component, gp130, in both left and right ventricles after myocardial infarction in the rat. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000; 32: 1821–1830.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Ishikawa M, Saito Y, Miamoto Y, Harada M, Kuwahara K, Ogawa E, Nakagawa O, Hamanaka I, Kajiyama N, Takahashi N, Masuda I, Hashimoto T, Sakai O, Hosoya T, Nakao K. A heart-specific increase in cardiotrophin-1 gene expression precedes the establishment of ventricular hypertrophy in genetically hypertensive rats. J Hypertens. 1999; 17: 807–816.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9.
Jougasaki M, Tachibana I, Luchner A, Leskinen H, Redfield MM, Burnett JC Jr. Augmented cardiac cardiotrophin-1 in experimental congestive heart failure. Circulation. 2000; 101: 14–17.
10.
Ito H, Hirata Y, Hiroe M, Tsujino M, Adachi S, Takamoto T, Nitta M, Taniguchi K, Marumo F. Endothelin-1 induces hypertrophy with enhanced expression of muscle-specific genes in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Circ Res. 1991; 69: 209–215.
11.
Sadoshima J, Izumo S. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts: critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype. Circ Res. 1993; 73: 413–423.
12. Fujisaki H, Ito H, Hirata Y, Tanaka M, Hata M, Lin M, Adachi S, Akimoto H, Marumo F, Hiroe M. Natriuretic peptides inhibit angiotensin II–induced proliferation of rat cardiac fibroblasts by blocking endothelin-1 gene expression. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 1059–1065.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13. Sakai S, Miyauchi T, Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi I, Goto K, Sugishita Y. Inhibition of myocardial endothelin pathway improves long-term survival in heart failure. Nature. 1996; 384: 353–355.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14.
Ammarguellat F, Larouche I, Schiffrin EL. Myocardial fibrosis in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats: effect of endothelin ETA receptor antagonism. Circulation. 2001; 103: 319–324.
15.
Gray MO, Long CS, Kalinyak JE, Li HT, Karliner JS. Angiotensin II stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy via paracrine release of TGF-ß1 and endothelin-1 from fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res. 1998; 40: 352–363.
16.
Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S, Zou Y, Shiojima I, Hiroi Y, Mizuno T, Maemura K, Kurihara H, Aikawa R, Takano H, Yazaki Y. Endothelin-1 is involved in mechanical stress-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271: 3221–3228.
17.
Weber DR, Stroud ED, Prescott SM. Arachidonate metabolism in cultured fibroblasts derived from normal and infarcted canine heart. Circ Res. 1989; 65: 671–683.
18.
Tsuruda T, Kato J, Kitamura K, Kawamoto M, Kuwasako K, Imamura T, Koiwaya Y, Tsuji T, Kangawa K, Eto T. An autocrine or a paracrine role of adrenomedullin in modulating cardiac fibroblast growth. Cardiovasc Res. 1999; 43: 958–967.
19.
Jougasaki M, Schirger JA, Simari RD, Burnett JC. Autocrine role for the endothelin-B receptor in the secretion of adrenomedullin. Hypertension. 1998; 32: 917–922.
20.
Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193: 265–275.
21.
Ohmori S, Shirai Y, Sakai N, Fujii M, Konishi H, Kikkawa U, Saito N. Three distinct mechanisms for translocation and activation of the 
subspecies of protein kinase C. Mol Cell Biol. 1998; 18: 5263–5271.
22.
Frank JS, Langer GA. The myocardial interstitium: its structure and its role in ionic exchange. J Cell Biol. 1974; 60: 586–601.
23. Zak R. Cell proliferation during cardiac growth. Am J Cardiol. 1973; 31: 211–219.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
24. Weber KT, Jalil JE, Janicki JS, Pick R. Myocardial collagen remodeling in pressure overload hypertrophy: a case for interstitial heart disease. Am J Hypertens. 1989; 2: 931–940.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
25.
Kuwahara K, Saito Y, Harada M, Ishikawa M, Ogawa E, Miyamoto Y, Hamanaka I, Kamitani S, Kajiyama N, Takahashi N, Nakagawa O, Masuda I, Nakao K. Involvement of cardiotrophin-1 in cardiac myocyte-nonmyocyte interactions during hypertrophy of rat cardiac myocytes in vitro. Circulation. 1999; 100: 1116–1124.
26.
Schorb W, Booz GW, Dostal DE, Conrad KM, Chang KC, Baker KM. Angiotensin II is mitogenic in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res. 1993; 72: 1245–1254.
27. Talwar S, Squire IB, Downie PF, O’Brien RJ, Davies JE, Ng LL. Elevated circulating cardiotrophin-1 in heart failure: relationship with parameters of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Clin Sci. 2000; 99: 83–88.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
28.
Yoshida K, Taga T, Saito M, Suematsu S, Kumanogoh A, Tanaka T, Fujiwara H, Hirata M, Yamagami T, Nakahata T, Hirabayashi T, Yoneda Y, Tanaka K, Wang WZ, Mori C, Shiota K, Yoshida N, Kishimoto T. Targeted disruption of gp130, a common signal transducer for the interleukin 6 family of cytokines, leads to myocardial and hematological disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996; 93: 407–411.
29. Hirota H, Chen J, Betz UAK, Rajewsky K, Gu Y, Ross J, Jr, Müller W, Chien KR. Loss of a gp130 cardiac muscle cell survival pathway is a critical event in the onset of heart failure during biochemical stress. Cell. 1999; 97: 189–198.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
30.
Sheng Z, Knowlton K, Chen J, Hoshijima M, Brown JH, Chien KR. Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) inhibition of cardiac myocyte apoptosis via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway: divergence from downstream CT-1 signals for myocardial cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272: 5783–5791.
31.
Ghosh S, Ng LL, Talwar S, Squire IB, Galiñanes M. Cardiotrophin-1 protects the human myocardium from ischemic injury: comparison with the first and second window of protection by ischemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res. 2000; 48: 440–447.
32. Ware CB, Horowitz MC, Renshaw BR, Hunt JS, Liggitt D, Koblar SA, Gliniak BC, McKenna HJ, Papayannopoulou T, Thoma B, Cheng L, Donovan PJ, Peschon JJ, Bartlett PF, Willis CR, Wright BD, Carpenter MK, Davison BL, Gearing DP. Targeted disruption of the low-affinity leukemia inhibitory factor receptor gene causes placental, skeletal, neural and metabolic defects and results in perinatal death. Development. 1995; 121: 1283–1299.[Abstract]
33. Saito S, Aikawa R, Shiojima I, Nagai R, Yazaki Y, Komuro I. Endothelin-1 induces expression of fetal genes through the interleukin-6 family of cytokines in cardiac myocytes. FEBS Lett. 1999; 456: 103–107.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
34.
Sano M, Fukuda K, Kodama H, Pan J, Saito M, Matsuzaki J, Takahashi T, Makino S, Kato T, Ogawa S. Interleukin-6 family of cytokines mediate angiotensin II–induced cardiac hypertrophy in rodent cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 29717–29723.
35.
Fukuzawa J, Booz GW, Hunt RA, Shimizu N, Karoor V, Baker KM, Dostal DE. Cardiotrophin-1 increases angiotensinogen mRNA in rat cardiac myocytes through STAT3: an autocrine loop for hypertrophy. Hypertension. 2000; 35: 1191–1196.
36.
Gurantz D, Cowling RT, Villarreal FJ, Greenberg BH. Tumor necrosis factor- upregulates angiotensin II type 1 receptors on cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res. 1999; 85: 272–279.
37.
Vernallis AB, Hudson KR, Heath JK. An antagonist for the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor inhibits leukemia inhibitory factor, cardiotrophin-1, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and oncostatin M. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272: 26947–26952.
38.
Luchner A, Stevens TL, Borgeson DD, Redfield MM, Bailey JE, Sandberg SM, Heublein DM, Burnett JC Jr. Angiotensin II in the evolution of experimental heart failure. Hypertension. 1996; 28: 472–477.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  O. Lisy, B. K. Huntley, D. J. McCormick, P. A. Kurlansky, and J. C. Burnett Jr Design, Synthesis, and Actions of a Novel Chimeric Natriuretic Peptide: CD-NP. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 2008; 52(1): 60 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Ichiki, M. Jougasaki, M. Setoguchi, J. Imamura, H. Nakashima, T. Matsuoka, M. Sonoda, K. Nakamura, S. Minagoe, and C. Tei Cardiotrophin-1 stimulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human aortic endothelial cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): H750 - H763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Natal, M. A. Fortuno, P. Restituto, A. Bazan, I. Colina, J. Diez, and N. Varo Cardiotrophin-1 is expressed in adipose tissue and upregulated in the metabolic syndrome Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2008; 294(1): E52 - E60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kang, K. Y. Chung, and J. W. Walker G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling in Myocardium: Not for the Faint of Heart Physiology, June 1, 2007; 22(3): 174 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. W. Ho, Z. F. Yang, C. K. Lau, K. H. Tam, J. Y. To, R. T. Poon, and S. T. Fan Therapeutic Potential of Cardiotrophin 1 in Fulminant Hepatic Failure: Dual Roles in Antiapoptosis and Cell Repair Arch Surg, November 1, 2006; 141(11): 1077 - 1084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Zolk, S. Engmann, F. Munzel, and R. Krajcik Chronic cardiotrophin-1 stimulation impairs contractile function in reconstituted heart tissue Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2005; 288(6): E1214 - E1221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. H. Freed, R. H. Cunnington, A. L. Dangerfield, J. S. Sutton, and I. M.C. Dixon Emerging evidence for the role of cardiotrophin-1 in cardiac repair in the infarcted heart Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2005; 65(4): 782 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Narmoneva, R. Vukmirovic, M. E. Davis, R. D. Kamm, and R. T. Lee Endothelial Cells Promote Cardiac Myocyte Survival and Spatial Reorganization: Implications for Cardiac Regeneration Circulation, August 24, 2004; 110(8): 962 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. H Freed, A. M Borowiec, T. Angelovska, and I. M.C Dixon Induction of protein synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts by cardiotrophin-1: integration of multiple signaling pathways Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2003; 60(2): 365 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Trikha, R. Corringham, B. Klein, and J.-F. Rossi Targeted Anti-Interleukin-6 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Cancer: A Review of the Rationale and Clinical Evidence Clin. Cancer Res., October 15, 2003; 9(13): 4653 - 4665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. W Weiss, W. S Speidl, C. Kaun, G. Rega, C. Springer, K. Macfelda, U. M Losert, S. L Grant, M. L Marro, A. D Rhodes, et al. Glycoprotein 130 ligand oncostatin-M induces expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human adult cardiac myocytes Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2003; 59(3): 628 - 638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Tsuruda, G. Boerrigter, B. K. Huntley, J. A. Noser, A. Cataliotti, L. C. Costello-Boerrigter, H. H. Chen, and J. C. Burnett Jr Brain Natriuretic Peptide Is Produced in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Induces Matrix Metalloproteinases Circ. Res., December 13, 2002; 91(12): 1127 - 1134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. M.C. Dixon A new altruist on the block: effects of adrenomedullin after myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2002; 56(3): 347 - 349. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Bristow and C. S. Long Cardiotrophin-1 in Heart Failure Circulation, September 17, 2002; 106(12): 1430 - 1432. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||