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(Circulation Research. 2002;90:18.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Reports

cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I Mediates the Negative Inotropic Effect of cGMP in the Murine Myocardium

Jörg W. Wegener, Hermann Nawrath, Wiebke Wolfsgruber, Susanne Kühbandner, Claudia Werner, Franz Hofmann, Robert Feil

From the Pharmakologisches Institut (J.W.W., H.N.), Universität Mainz, Germany; Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (W.W., S.K., C.W., F.H., R.F.), Technische Universität München, Germany.

Correspondence to Prof Dr H. Nawrath, Pharmakologisches Institut, Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55101 Mainz, Germany. E-mail Nawrath{at}mail.uni-mainz.de

Abstract

To study the role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) for cardiac contractility, force of contraction (F_c) was studied in electrically driven heart muscle from wild-type (WT) mice and from conventional and conditional cGKI knockout mice. Both 8-Br-cGMP and 8-pCPT-cGMP reduced Fc in cardiac muscle from juvenile WT but not from juvenile cGKI-null mutants. Similarly, the cGMP analogues reduced F_c in forskolin-stimulated ventricular muscle from WT mice but not from cGKI-null mutants. In contrast, carbachol reduced F_c in both groups of animals. 8-Br-cGMP reduced F_c also in heart muscle from adult WT mice but not from adult cardiomyocyte-specific cGKI-knockout mice. These results demonstrate that cGKI mediates the negative inotropic effect of cGMP in the myocardium of juvenile and adult mice.

Key Words: contractility • mouse • gene targeting • Cre recombinase

Acetylcholine and the muscarinic agonist carbachol (CCh) induce negative inotropy in human and rodent heart. The molecular basis for muscarinic inhibition of cardiac contractility is controversial.^1,2 Activation of NO synthase III leading to an increase of the cGMP level has been reported to contribute to muscarinic inhibition^3–5 as well as the irrelevance of NO,⁶ NO synthase III,^7,8 and cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI)⁹ for this signaling pathway. The cGMP receptor potentially mediating the negative inotropic effect has not been identified. It was suggested that cGMP regulates cGMP-stimulated as well as cGMP-inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterases, thereby modulating cAMP levels and L-type calcium currents.^10,11 This type of modulation would either decrease or increase cardiac contractility. Furthermore, cGKI that is expressed in cardiomyocytes^9,12 has been implicated in the inhibitory effects of cGMP on L-type calcium current^13,14 and contraction.^15–17

We have investigated the role of cGMP/cGKI signaling for cardiac contractility using myocardium from conventional and conditional cGKI-knockout mice. This study shows that cGKI mediates negative inotropic effects elicited by cGMP in the absence and presence of forskolin, an activator of the ß-adrenergic/cAMP pathway but is not involved in inhibition of cardiac contractility by CCh.

Materials and Methods

The Materials and Methods section is available online in the data supplement at http://www.circresaha.org.

Results and Discussion

A conventional cGKI-null allele [(-)] was obtained by replacing the 3' region of exon 10 of the cGKI gene (which is essential for kinase activity) with a DNA cassette encoding CreER^T recombinase.¹⁸ The CreER^T recombinase was not expressed from the cGKI (-) allele. A conditional cGKI allele (L2) was obtained by flanking exon 10 with loxP sites. Excision of exon 10 from the L2 allele by Cre-mediated recombination of the loxP sites produced an L- allele (Figures 1A and 1B). Heterozygous cGKI^+/-, cGKI^+/L2, cGKI^+/L-, and cGKI^L-/L2 mice as well as homozygous cGKI^L2/L2 mice expressed cGKI protein and were phenotypically normal. Homozygous cGKI^-/- and cGKI^L-L- mice did not express cGKI protein and were phenotypically indistinguishable from a cGKI-deficient mouse line reported previously¹⁹ (data not shown). These results indicate the successful generation of the modified cGKI alleles and that the foreign DNA introduced into the cGKI locus should not confound the analysis of cGKI-deficient mice.

View larger version (48K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Conventional and conditional disruption of the cGKI gene. A, Diagram of the WT cGKI locus [(+)], the conventional cGKI-null allele [(-)], the conditional cGKI allele (L2), and the excised cGKI allele (L-) obtained after Cre-mediated recombination of the L2 allele. The filled box denotes exon 10 of the cGKI gene. Filled triangles indicate loxP sequences. The open boxes represent an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), the CreERT recombinase sequence, a simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal (pA), a neomycin resistance gene (neo), and a thymidine kinase-neo fusion gene (tk-neo). Also shown is the location of the external probe (P) used to detect NheI fragments of the WT and targeted cGKI loci. BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, NcoI, and NheI sites are indicated by B, E, H, Nc, and Nh, respectively. B, Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from WT and targeted embryonic stem cells. The positions of the NheI fragments corresponding to the cGKI (+), (-), and L2 alleles are indicated. C, Tissue specificity of Cre-mediated cGKI disruption. Western blot analysis of cGKI protein expression in various organs from adult cGKIL-/L2/MLC2a-Cre0/0 control mice (ctr) and cGKIL-/L2/MLC2a-Cretg/0 cardiomyocyte-specific cGKI knockout mice (cko).

To disrupt the cGKI gene specifically in cardiomyocytes, the MLC2a-Cre transgenic mouse line was used. These mice express Cre recombinase under the control of the atrial myosin regulatory light chain gene promoter and allow for the efficient deletion of loxP-flanked DNA in both atrial and ventricular myocytes (J. Chen, K.R. Chien, unpublished data, 2001). Mating of conditional cGKI mice with MLC2a-Cre mice produced offspring in which the level of cGKI protein was highly reduced in both atrial and ventricular tissue but not in other organs (Figure 1C). The low level of cGKI protein that was detected in heart extracts of cardiomyocyte-specific mutants may represent cGKI protein expressed in the cardiac vasculature.²⁰

The effects of membrane-permeable cGMP analogues on myocardial contractility were first studied in cardiac muscle from juvenile (3- to 6-week-old) wild-type (WT) mice and conventional cGKI-null mutants (cGKI^-/- mice). Both 8-Br-cGMP and 8-pCPT-cGMP reduced force of contraction (F_c) in atrial and ventricular preparations from WT mice but not from cGKI^-/- mice (Figures 2A and 2B) indicating that these effects were mediated by cGKI. The NO donor DEA/NO (100 µmol/L) transiently (according to its time course of NO release) reduced F_c in preparations from WT but not from cGKI^-/- mice (Figure 2C). The isozyme specificity was confirmed using cardiac muscles from cGKII-deficient mice²¹ in which cGMP analogues reduced F_c to the same extent as in WT preparations (data not shown).

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Effects of drugs on Fc in myocardial preparations from WT and cGKI-deficient mice. A, Original recordings of Fc in left atria from juvenile WT (left) and cGKI-/- (right) mice. Arrows indicate the addition of 8-Br-cGMP (100 µmol/L). B through F, Bars represent the mean±SEM of Fc (in percent of control) (n=6 to 24). Data were normalized to time-matched values obtained in the absence of cGMP analogues and CCh. B, Effects of 8-Br-cGMP (100 µmol/L) and 8-pCPT-cGMP (100 µmol/L) on Fc in atrial (left) and ventricular (right) muscle from juvenile WT and cGKI-/- mice. Data were obtained after 30 minutes. C, Original recordings of Fc in left atria from juvenile WT (left) and cGKI-/- (middle) mice. Arrows indicate the addition of DEA/NO (100 µmol/L). Bars (right) show the effects of DEA/NO after 2 minutes. D, Effects of cGMP analogues and CCh on Fc in forskolin-stimulated ventricular muscles from juvenile WT and cGKI-/- mice. Five minutes after stimulation with forskolin (1 µmol/L), the cGMP analogues (100 mol/L each) and CCh (10 µmol/L) were added for 30 and 10 minutes, respectively. E, Effects of 8-Br-cGMP (100 µmol/L) on Fc in atrial (left) and ventricular (right) muscle from adult cGKI+/L2/MLC2a-Cretg/0 control mice (ctr) and cGKIL-/L2/MLC2a-Cretg/0 cardiomyocyte-specific cGKI knockout mice (cko). Data were obtained after 30 minutes. F, Effects of CCh (10 µmol/L) on Fc in forskolin-stimulated ventricular muscle strips from adult ctr and cko mice.

Forskolin increased F_c (in percent of control) in ventricular preparations from WT and cGKI^-/- mice to 147±8% and 138±7%, respectively. In the presence of forskolin, cGMP analogues reduced F_c in ventricular muscle from WT but not from cGKI^-/- mice, whereas CCh reduced F_c in both preparations (Figure 2D).

Recently, it has been shown that cGKI expression decreases during maturation in rabbit myocardium¹² indicating a minor role for this enzyme in adults. To study the function of cGKI in the heart muscle of adult (4- to 6-month-old) mice, cardiomyocyte-specific cGKI knockout mice (Figure 1C) were used because conventional cGKI^-/- mice show a high mortality rate with increasing age.¹⁹ Furthermore, the cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mice allowed an analysis of whether the myocardial phenotype reflected a cell-autonomous function of cGKI in cardiomyocytes or was a secondary effect due to the loss of cGKI expression in other cell types. 8-Br-cGMP reduced F_c in preparations from adult control animals but not from adult cardiomyocyte-specific cGKI mutants (Figure 2E). It was noticed that the negative inotropic effect of cGMP was weaker in adult than in juvenile WT mice (compare Figures 2E and 2B). However, CCh still decreased F_c in adult cardiomyocyte-specific cGKI mutants (Figure 2F).

Taken together, these results indicate that the reduction of myocardial contractility by cGMP is mediated by activation of cGKI in both juvenile and adult murine myocardium. The mechanism behind the negative inotropic action of cGKI may include desensitization of contractile filaments^15,16 and/or inhibition of calcium-channel activity.^13,14 The results of this study are also in agreement with recent reports suggesting that the NO/cGMP/cGKI signaling pathway is not involved in the negative inotropic effect of muscarinic agonists.^6–8 However, we cannot fully exclude that endogenous cGMP can stimulate cGKI-independent pathways that are not activated by the cGMP analogues and the NO donor used in the present study.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Volkswagen Stiftung and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. We thank Sabine Brummer and Johanna Rupp for technical assistance and K.R. Chien for the gift of MLC2a-Cre mice.

Footnotes

Presented in part at the Biophysical Society 45th Annual Meeting, Boston, Mass, February 17–21, 2001, and published in abstract form (Biophys J. 2001;80[1, pt 2]:70a).

Received October 4, 2001; revision received November 26, 2001; accepted November 26, 2001.

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				F. Schroder, G. Klein, B. Fiedler, M. Bastein, N. Schnasse, A. Hillmer, S. Ames, S. Gambaryan, H. Drexler, U. Walter, et al. Single L-type Ca2+ channel regulation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I in adult cardiomyocytes from PKG I transgenic mice Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2003; 60(2): 268 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Feil, J. Hartmann, C. Luo, W. Wolfsgruber, K. Schilling, S. Feil, J. J. Barski, M. Meyer, A. Konnerth, C. I. De Zeeuw, et al. Impairment of LTD and cerebellar learning by Purkinje cell-specific ablation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I J. Cell Biol., October 27, 2003; 163(2): 295 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Kleppisch, W. Wolfsgruber, S. Feil, R. Allmann, C. T. Wotjak, S. Goebbels, K.-A. Nave, F. Hofmann, and R. Feil Hippocampal cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I Supports an Age- and Protein Synthesis-Dependent Component of Long-Term Potentiation But Is Not Essential for Spatial Reference and Contextual Memory J. Neurosci., July 9, 2003; 23(14): 6005 - 6012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Liu and P. A. Hofmann Modulation of protein phosphatase 2a by adenosine A1 receptors in cardiomyocytes: role for p38 MAPK Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H97 - H103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Mullershausen, A. Friebe, R. Feil, W. J. Thompson, F. Hofmann, and D. Koesling Direct activation of PDE5 by cGMP: long-term effects within NO/cGMP signaling J. Cell Biol., March 3, 2003; 160(5): 719 - 727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R.M. Mohan, D.A. Heaton, E.J.F. Danson, S.P.R. Krishnan, S. Cai, K.M. Channon, and D.J. Paterson Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Transfer Promotes Cardiac Vagal Gain of Function Circ. Res., December 13, 2002; 91(12): 1089 - 1091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Schmidt, M. Werner, P. A. Heppenstall, M. Henning, M. I. More, S. Kuhbandner, G. R. Lewin, F. Hofmann, R. Feil, and F. G. Rathjen cGMP-mediated signaling via cGKI{alpha} is required for the guidance and connectivity of sensory axons J. Cell Biol., November 7, 2002; 159(3): 489 - 498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. C L Bett, S. Dai, and D. L Campbell Cholinergic modulation of the basal L-type calcium current in ferret right ventricular myocytes J. Physiol., July 1, 2002; 542(1): 107 - 117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Herring, J. A.B. Zaman, and D. J. Paterson Particulate guanylyl cyclase and cholinergic control of cardiac excitability is site specific Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2002; 54(3): 697 - 698. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Pappano, Y. Imai, and B. Jiang Reply to the Letter to the Editor Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2002; 54(3): 699 - 700. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Feil, N. Gappa, M. Rutz, J. Schlossmann, C. R. Rose, A. Konnerth, S. Brummer, S. Kuhbandner, and F. Hofmann Functional Reconstitution of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells With cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I Isoforms Circ. Res., May 31, 2002; 90(10): 1080 - 1086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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