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© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Integrative Physiology |
Inhibition of Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase Enhances Ischemia/Reoxygenation–Induced Apoptosis in Cultured Cardiac Myocytes and Exaggerates Reperfusion Injury in Isolated Perfused Heart
Presented in part at the 72nd Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, Atlanta, Ga, November 7–10, 1999, and published in abstract form (Circulation. 1999;100[suppl I]:I-63).
From the Departments of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (T-L.Y., C.W., J-L.G., G.Z F., E.H.O.), Bone and Cartilage (S.K., J.C.L.), and Experimental Toxicology (H.T., B.M.), SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, and Division of Emergency Medicine (X-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa.
Correspondence to Tian-Li Yue, Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Rd, PO Box 1539, UW 2510, King of Prussia, PA 19406. E-mail tian-li_yue{at}sbphrd.com
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Abstract |
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Abstract—Three major mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK), have been identified in the cardiomyocyte, but their respective roles in the heart are not well understood. The present study explored their functions and cross talk in ischemia/reoxygenation (I/R)–induced cardiac apoptosis. Exposing rat neonatal cardiomyocytes to ischemia resulted in a rapid and transient activation of ERK, p38, and JNK. On reoxygenation, further activation of all 3 mitogen-activated protein kinases was noted; peak activities increased (fold) by 5.5, 5.2, and 6.2, respectively. Visual inspection of myocytes exposed to I/R identified 18.6% of the cells as showing morphological features of apoptosis, which was further confirmed by DNA ladder and terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Myocytes treated with PD98059, a MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK1/MEK2) inhibitor, displayed a suppression of I/R-induced ERK activation, whereas p38 and JNK activities were increased by 70.3% and 55.0%, respectively. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells was increased to 33.4%. With pretreatment of cells with SB242719, a selective p38 inhibitor, or SB203580, a p38 and JNK2 inhibitor, I/R+PD98059-induced apoptotic cells were reduced by 42.8% and 63.3%, respectively. Hearts isolated from rats treated with PD98059 and subjected to global ischemia (30 minutes)/reoxygenation (1 hour) showed a diminished functional recovery compared with the vehicle group. Coadministration of SB203580 attenuated the detrimental effects of PD98059 and significantly improved cardiac functional recovery. The data taken together suggest that ERK plays a protective role, whereas p38 and JNK mediate apoptosis in cardiomyocytes subjected to I/R, and the dynamic balance of their activities is critical in determining cardiomyocyte fate subsequent to reperfusional injury.
Key Words: cardiomyocyte • ischemic injury • apoptosis • mitogen-activated protein kinase
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Introduction |
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The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli.1 2 Three major MAPK signaling pathways, including extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK (p38), and c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK), have been identified in mammalian cells. These 3 MAPKs have been shown to play a pivotal role in transmission of signals from cell surface receptors and various environmental cues to the transcriptional machinery in the nucleus and are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and transformation.3 4 5 Recent studies have suggested that MAPKs may be implicated in programmed cell death (apoptosis), but the precise roles of these 3 major MAPK signaling pathways in regulation of apoptotic cell death are still not clear and may be cell type specific.6 7
The activation of MAPKs in heart, especially in the
cardiomyocyte, has been demonstrated in vitro as well as in
vivo.8 9 10 However, the role of each pathway in cardiac
myocyte apoptosis remains controversial. A recent report showed
that only p38 among the 3 major MAPK pathways was activated in
neonatal rat cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia
and that inhibition of p38 reduced myocyte
apoptosis.11 In contrast, Zechner et
al12 reported that overexpression of MAP kinase kinase 6
(MKK6), an upstream activator of p38, resulted in
protection of cardiac myocytes from apoptosis induced by either
anisomycin or MEK kinase 1 (MEKK1), an upstream activator
of JNK pathway. Adding to the complexity of the matter, Wang et
al13 reported that activation of JNK alone by transfection
of cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes with MKK7, an
upstream activator of JNK, induced hypertrophy
rather than apoptosis, and coactivation of both JNK and p38 led
to apoptosis. Further study by this group has demonstrated that
p38
is implicated in apoptosis, whereas p38ß is involved
in myocyte hypertrophy.14 With regard to the
function of the ERK signaling pathway in the heart, a recent study
reported that ERK was activated transiently in cultured rat
neonatal cardiomyocytes treated with hydrogen peroxide, and
inhibition of its activation resulted in an increase in the number of
apoptotic myocytes.15 However, the roles of p38
and JNK were not studied. Therefore, it is not clear whether the effect
of the ERK is linked to the other 2 pathways.
The current study was therefore designed to investigate the following: (1) whether all 3 major MAPK signaling pathways are activated in cardiomyocytes undergoing apoptosis, (2) the role of each pathway in this process of cell death, and (3) the possible interplay and cross talk among the 3 MAPK pathways. We have developed an apoptotic model in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes exposed to ischemia/reoxygenation (I/R), the most pathologically relevant form of cardiac stress in vivo. In this model, ERK, JNK, and p38 pathways are all activated during I/R. To dissect the role of each pathway, the present study used an experimental design that does not require overexpression of the proteins involved but rather inhibition of the endogenous kinases by the following 3 types of inhibitors: PD98059, a selective inhibitor of MAP/ERK kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1/MEK2), the upstream activator of the ERK1/ERK216 17 ; SB242719, a JNK-sparing p38 inhibitor; and SB203580, an inhibitor of both p38 and JNK2.18 To further confirm the results observed in cultured cardiomyocytes, an I/R model in isolated perfused rat heart was used to study the role of MAPKs in I/R-induced injury. In this model, activation of MAPKs has been demonstrated.19 20 The data presented in this report demonstrate that ERK plays a role in protecting cardiomyocytes, whereas p38 and JNK mediate cell apoptosis after I/R injury. Our results suggest that inhibition of ERK pathway may shift the balance between cell death and survival toward cell death; in contrast, inhibition of p38 and JNK pathways shifts the balance toward cell survival.
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Materials and Methods |
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Primary Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocyte Cultures
Primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes from 1- to 2-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared by the method reported previously.21 Ischemia was induced by replacing medium with a serum-/glucose-free DMEM and exposing cells to 1% O2 at 37°C for an indicated time period; the medium was then replaced with the maintenance medium, and the cells were exposed to normoxic atmosphere (reoxygenation).
Morphological Assessment and Quantification of Apoptotic
Myocytes
To quantify apoptotic myocytes, cell monolayers were
fixed and stained with Hoechst 33324. The morphological features of
apoptosis (cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and
fragmentation) were monitored by fluorescence microscopy. At
least 400 cells from 12 randomly selected fields per dish were counted,
and each treatment was performed in triplicate.21
DNA Ladder
Myocytes were lysed in lysis buffer and electrophoresed on 2%
agarose gel. The gel was stained with ethidium bromide, and DNA
fragments were visualized under ultraviolet light.22
In Situ End Labeling for Detection of Apoptotic Myocytes
In situ detection of apoptotic myocytes was performed by
using terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase–mediated
dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) with an in situ cell death detection kit
(Boehringer Mannheim).21
MAPK Activity Assays
MAPK activities were assayed as described
previously.22 23 The cell lysates were immunoprecipitated
with antibodies specific for ERK1/ERK2, p38, JNK1/JNK2, or
MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 (MAPKAPK2) and were assayed by using
myelin basic protein (MBP) for ERK,
glutathione-S-transferase activating transcription factor-2
(GST-ATF2) for p38, GST-c-Jun(1–81) for JNK and
heat shock protein 27 for MAPKAPK2 as the substrate, respectively.
Western Blot Analysis of Total and
Phosphorylated (Active) MAPKs
Cardiomyocytes either untreated or subjected to ischemia
or I/R were extracted. Total protein from each sample (100 µg) was
resolved in SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, blocked
with nonfat milk, and then incubated with the primary antibodies that
recognize ERK (p44/42), phosphospecific ERK (p-p44/42), p38,
phosphospecific p38, JNK1 and JNK2, and phosphospecific JNK1 and JNK2
at 4°C overnight. After washing, the membrane was incubated with the
secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase.
Perfused Rat Hearts Subjected to
Ischemia/Reperfusion
Forty-five hearts were isolated from adult male Sprague-Dawley
rats and subjected to 30 minutes of global ischemia and 60
minutes of reperfusion, as described in our previous
study.24 The I/R hearts were randomly assigned to 1
of the following 3 groups: I/R+vehicle, I/R+PD98059 (2.5 mg/kg IP, 30
minutes before heart excision), and I/R+PD98059+SB203580 (10
µmol/L; treatment was initiated 15 minutes before ischemia
and remained during the entire period of reperfusion). Cardiac function
was evaluated from the postischemic recoveries (%
preischemic values) of left ventricular
developed pressure (LVDP), dP/dtmax, heart rate,
and pressure-rate product (PRP) (=heart
ratexLVDP).24
Statistical Analysis
Statistical evaluation was performed by using 1-way ANOVA with
subsequent post hoc paired comparisons. Probabilities of
P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
An expanded Materials and Methods section is available online at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Results |
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Activation of ERK, p38, and JNK in Cultured Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Subjected to I/R
The temporal profile of the activation of the 3 MAPK pathways is shown in Figure 1
. A
moderate but significant increase in activities of JNK, p38, and ERK
was detected 5 minutes after ischemia, reached a maximal level
(fold increase, 3.50±0.65, 2.90±0.57 and 3.33±0.68, respectively) at
10 minutes, and returned to basal level within 1 to 1.5 hours. No
further activation was observed when ischemia continued up to 6
hours (data not shown). On reoxygenation, JNK, p38, and
ERK were rapidly reactivated. and the peak increase (fold) at
10 minutes was 6.21±0.71, 5.24±0.82, and 5.50±0.65, respectively,
and returned to the basal level after 
1 to 2 hours. Figure 1, lower panel, is a representative
autoradiogram.
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The activation of ERK, p38, and JNK in cardiomyocytes
subjected to ischemia and reoxygenation was
further demonstrated by Western blot analysis using antibodies
that recognize total ERK1/ERK2, p38, or JNK1/JNK2, respectively, or the
corresponding phosphorylated (activated) forms.
As shown in Figure 2, ERK, p38, and JNK
were present in all samples. There was no difference in total
protein levels between ERK1 and ERK2, but a higher level of JNK2 than
JNK1 in the cardiac myocytes was detected. When the blot was reprobed
using the antibodies that recognize only the dual
phosphorylated active forms, it was observed that the
activities of the 3 kinases were low in control myocytes but rapidly
increased when the cells were subjected to ischemia and
reactivated on reoxygenation. As shown in
Figure 2, the major activated forms of ERK and JNK in
the cardiomyocytes were ERK1 and JNK2.
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I/R Induces Apoptosis in Cardiomyocytes
When cardiomyocytes were exposed to
ischemia (2 hours) followed by reoxygenation
(24 hours), a considerable fraction of myocytes showed morphological
features of apoptosis such as shrinkage, blebbing. and
cytoplasm condensation (Figure 3-IB).
Cells stained with Hoechst 33324 and assessed by fluorescence
microscopy showed condensed chromatin and fragmented nuclei (Figure 3-IIB). The characteristic degradation of DNA into
oligonucleosome-length fragmentation (DNA ladder) was only observed
when the cells were exposed to ischemia followed by
reoxygenation (Figure 3-III, lane 3). DNA
fragments in situ were further visualized by the TUNEL assay (Figure 3-IVB). When myocytes were subjected to ischemia (2
hours) and reoxygenation (24 hours), 18.6±2.5% of
cells were apoptotic (Figure 4-I, I/R alone, n=14). Under normoxia,
3.6±1.2% of cells (n=14) showed spontaneous cell death (basal), and
this number was slightly increased to 5.6±2.3% (n=14) when myocytes
were subjected to ischemia for 2 hours only (P>0.05
versus basal). When myocytes were exposed to ischemia for a
longer period of time (4 to 6 hours), the number of necrotic cells
increased by 5% to 10%.
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PD98059 Enhances I/R-Induced Apoptosis in
Cardiomyocytes
In the presence of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor PD98059
(50 µmol/L), I/R-induced apoptosis in
cardiomyocytes was increased from 18.6±2.5% to
33.4±3.5% (P<0.01 versus I/R alone, n=14) (Figure 4
-I). PD98059 had no effect on the basal level of
apoptotic cell death (data not shown) but enhanced
apoptosis in myocytes subjected to ischemia for 2 hours
(8.4±1.6 versus 3.6±1.2, P<0.05, n= 8). PD98059 at 1
µmol/L did not increase apoptotic cell death induced either
by ischemia (2 hours) alone or by ischemia (2
hours)/reoxygenation (24 hours). The enhancement by
PD98059 (50 µmol/L) of I/R-induced apoptosis in myocytes
was also demonstrated by DNA ladder (Figure 4-II, lane 4)
and TUNEL assay (Figure 4-IIIB, more intense stain).
Effects of PD98059 on I/R-Induced Activation of ERK, p38, and
JNK
As shown in Figure 5, PD98059
at 50 µmol/L essentially completely inhibited ERK activation
(Figure 5A), whereas it increased activities of p38 and JNK by
70.3% and 54.9%, respectively (both P<0.01) (Figures 5B and 5C). In the presence of 50 µmol/L of PD98059,
ischemia alone–induced activation of p38 and JNK in the
cardiomyocyte was also increased significantly (both
P<0.05). Figure 5, lower panel, is a
representative autoradiogram.
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Effects of SB203580 and SB242719 on I/R-Induced Apoptosis
and Activation of p38 and JNK
MAPKAPK2 is a specific downstream target of p38, and its activity
is commonly used as an indication of p38 activation. In the presence of
10 µmol/L SB242719, a selective p38 inhibitor,
I/R+PD98059-induced activation of p38 was inhibited completely (Figure 6B), whereas the number of
apoptotic cardiomyocytes was reduced by 42.8%
(P<0.01, n=6) (Figure 6A). Meanwhile, activation of
JNK in the myocytes was not affected (Figure 6C). Besides
complete inhibition of p38, SB203580 at 10 µmol/L also reduced
JNK activity by 34.9±1.2% (P<0.05 versus I/R+PD98059,
n=6) (Figure 6C). In addition, this inhibitor
reduced the number of apoptotic myocytes to a greater extent
than that of SB242719 (63.3%, P<0.05 versus SB242719, n=6)
(Figure 6D).
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SB242719 and SB203580 at 10 µmol/L also reduced I/R
alone–induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by 44.6%
(P<0.01 versus vehicle) and 72.2% (P<0.01
versus SB242719), respectively. Both SB242719 and SB203580 had no
effect on I/R-induced activation of ERK, as shown in Figure 6D.
Effect of ERK Inhibition on Postischemic Myocardial
Function Recovery and Its Reversal by SB203580
As shown in Figures 7A and 7B, ERK
was activated in the isolated hearts exposed to I/R. The
maximal increase, at 15 minutes of reperfusion, was 3.8-fold over the
basal level (n=5). Meanwhile, the activation of p38 and JNK was also
demonstrated (Figure 7B). Pretreatment of the animals with
PD98059 (2.5 mg/kg IP and 30 minutes before heart excision) reduced
I/R-induced activation of ERK by 70.7% (P<0.05 versus
vehicle). When SB203580 (10 µmol/L) was coadministered (15
minutes before ischemia and remaining during the entire period
of reoxygenation), I/R-induced activation of p38
(measured by MAPKAPK2) was suppressed (Figure 7B). However,
inhibition of JNK activity in the hearts by SB203580 was variable,
ranging from 4% to 31% (19±8%, n=6).
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During global ischemia (30 minutes), coronary flow was
reduced to 0, and myocardial contraction was completely absent. When
perfusion was restored, functional contraction resumed within 5
minutes. LVDP, dP/dtmax, and PRP all gradually
recovered and reached a maximal level between 20 and 40 minutes, an
observation consistent with the previous
studies.25 At 60 minutes of reoxygenation,
LVDP, PRP, and dP/dtmax recovered to 63±1.8%,
48±2.1%, and 46±1.1%, respectively, in vehicle-treated hearts
(Figure 7C). Pretreatment with PD98059 significantly aggravated
cardiac functional injury, as evidenced by diminished recovery in LVDP,
dP/dtmax, and PRP compared with the corresponding
recoveries in the vehicle group (P<0.01 for all
parameters). In contrast, when SB203580 was added to the
perfusion system at 10 µmol/L at 15 minutes before
ischemia, a significant improvement in cardiac contractile
function was observed. The PRP recovery was increased by 54% compared
with I/R+PD98059 (P<0.01) (Figure 7C).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The ischemic model of cultured cardiomyocytes used in this study combines the following 2 properties of ischemia: decrease in energy source and hypoxia (oxygen level at 1%). To determine the effect of ischemia and reoxygenation on cardiac MAPKs, we examined the activities of 3 major MAPK signaling pathways in a full time course. It was of interest to note that the 3 major MAPK subfamily members, ERK, p38, and JNK, were activated simultaneously in cardiomyocytes when exposed to ischemia and reoxygenation. The temporal profile as well as the extent of activation of the 3 MAPK subfamily members were similar, suggesting that their activation may be a common response of the cardiomyocytes to I/R, and all 3 MAPK pathways may play a role in the response of the cell to the noxious stimuli.
The ERK pathway has been shown to be required for survival signaling in
response to growth factors in noncardiomyocytic
cells.26 27 However, several recent studies have suggested
that the ERK pathway is involved in the regulation of cell
death.28 29 To dissect the role of ERK in the I/R-induced
cardiac apoptosis, PD98059, an ERK pathway
inhibitor, was used in this study. Both in vitro and intact
cell studies have shown that PD98059 is highly specific for MEK1/MEK2,
the upstream activator of ERK1/ERK2, with no effect on many
other kinases, including p38 and JNK.16 17 Inhibition of
ERK did not induce apoptosis in cardiac myocytes when the cells
were exposed to normoxic conditions, suggesting that the basal level of
this pathway does not play a major role in cardiac myocyte survival.
However, when the cardiomyocytes were subjected to
ischemia or I/R in which the ERK pathway was activated,
apoptosis induced by ischemia alone or by I/R was
significantly potentiated by the inhibition of ERK. Ischemia
alone for 2 hours resulted in a mild increase in the number of
apoptotic cells compared with the basal level
(P>0.05). However, in the presence of PD98059,
ischemia-triggered myocyte apoptosis was significantly
enhanced, indicating clearly that ERK activation prevented the
cardiomyocytes from apoptosis during
ischemia when the JNK and p38 were moderately
activated. ERK activation could not totally prevent
reoxygenation-induced myocyte apoptosis, when
the activities of p38 and JNK reached the maximal levels, but the
protective effect of ERK was still demonstrated by the observation that
I/R-induced apoptotic cell death was increased by 79.5% when
ERK was inhibited (Figure 4-I). These data suggest that
activation of ERK during ischemia or I/R plays an important
role in preventing stress-induced myocyte apoptosis.
Simultaneous measurement of the activities of ERK, p38, and
JNK in cardiomyocytes further elucidates the mechanism by
which ERK inhibition enhances myocyte apoptosis and the signal
integration among the 3 MAPK signaling pathways. In agreement with
previous reports,16 17 PD98059 up to 50 µmol/L had
no effect on the basal activities of p38 or JNK in the
cardiomyocyte under normoxia (data not shown). When the
myocytes were exposed to ischemia or I/R, PD98059 at 50
µmol/L significantly enhanced the activities of both p38 and JNK in
the cells, along with an increase in the number of apoptotic
myocytes. Moreover, neither the activities of p38 and JNK nor the
number of apoptotic cells was affected by PD98059 at 1
µmol/L, which had no effect on the ERK. These results indicate
a possible implication of p38 and JNK in PD98059-enhanced cell death
triggered by I/R. This hypothesis was further supported by the study
with p38 inhibitors. When the p38 pathway was blocked by
the selective p38 inhibitor SB242719, I/R+PD98059-induced
cell apoptosis was significantly reduced. As SB242719 had no
effect on JNK or ERK in the stimulated myocytes (Figures 6C and 6D), the protective effect of this compound was clearly due to
inhibition of p38. SB203580 at 10 µmol/L completely blocked the
p38 pathway and partially inhibited the JNK pathway (34.9%), whereas
additional myocytes were rescued from apoptosis (63.3% versus
42.8% reduction with SB242719, P<0.05). It is conceivable
that inhibition of JNK might contribute to the increased protection of
SB203580 against apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. The
dose of SB203580 used could not be increased further because of
concerns of possible nonspecific inhibition of other kinases. As a
specific and potent inhibitor of JNK is not yet available,
the real importance of JNK in I/R-induced cardiomyocyte
apoptosis remains to be further determined.
The data derived from isolated rat heart study further confirm the findings in cultured cardiomyocytes; that is, inhibition of ERK pathway exacerbates cardiac injury. It has been previously demonstrated in this model that I/R activated MAPK subfamily members,19 30 resulting in apoptotic cardiomyocytes.31 In the present study, treatment of the animals with PD98059 in vivo before heart excision resulted in a 70% reduction in the peak activity of ERK in the hearts as well as a 35% reduction in the recovery of PRP compared with the vehicle group. Because of the limited solubility of PD98059, it was not possible to test the compound at a higher dose. Therefore, the maximal effect of ERK inhibition might not have been observed. Nevertheless, the detrimental effect of inhibition of this MAPK pathway in I/R-induced cardiac injury was clear. Moreover, SB203580 showed a clear protection in this model that also supported the findings in the cultured myocytes. SB203580 completely inhibited I/R-induced activation of p38 in the perfused heart. However, inhibition of JNK in the heart by SB203580 was variable. Therefore, whether the cardioprotective effect of SB203580 in the perfused heart can also be attributed to its inhibition of JNK remains to be further defined.
In summary, the present results represent the first report that studies the interplay and cross talk of the 3 major MAPKs in the cardiomyocytes subjected to I/R. Three major MAPK pathways are activated in cardiac myocytes subjected to I/R. The ERK pathway is important for survival of cells by protecting them from programmed cell death caused by stress-induced activation of JNK and p38. This interplay among the different MAPK signaling pathways may serve as part of the defense mechanism for the cardiomyocyte in response to an individual stressor and, therefore, is crucial to the coordinated responses of the cell.
Received December 22, 1999; accepted January 20, 2000.
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Y. Okamoto, A. Chaves, J. Chen, R. Kelley, K. Jones, H. G. Weed, K. L. Gardner, L. Gangi, M. Yamaguchi, W. Klomkleaw, et al. Transgenic Mice with Cardiac-Specific Expression of Activating Transcription Factor 3, a Stress-Inducible Gene, Have Conduction Abnormalities and Contractile Dysfunction Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2001; 159(2): 639 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. Ueda, T. Nakamura, K. Matsumoto, Y. Sawa, H. Matsuda, and T. Nakamura A potential cardioprotective role of hepatocyte growth factor in myocardial infarction in rats Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2001; 51(1): 41 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M. Fryer, P. F. Pratt, A. K. Hsu, and G. J. Gross Differential Activation of Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase Isoforms in Preconditioning and Opioid-Induced Cardioprotection J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 13, 2001; 296(2): 642 - 649. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. G. Araujo, C. Bianchi, K. Sato, R. Faro, X. A. Li, and F. W. Sellke Inactivation of the MEK/ERK pathway in the myocardium during cardiopulmonary bypass J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., April 1, 2001; 121(4): 773 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. H. Wang Roads to Survival : Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling Pathways in Cardiac Muscle Circ. Res., March 30, 2001; 88(6): 552 - 554. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Yamashita, J. Kajstura, D. J. Discher, B. J. Wasserlauf, N. H. Bishopric, P. Anversa, and K. A. Webster Reperfusion-Activated Akt Kinase Prevents Apoptosis in Transgenic Mouse Hearts Overexpressing Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Circ. Res., March 30, 2001; 88(6): 609 - 614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Thibonnier, D. M. Conarty, and C. L. Plesnicher Mediators of the mitogenic action of human V1 vascular vasopressin receptors Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): H2529 - H2539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-i. Abe, C. P. Baines, and B. C. Berk Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury : The Good and the Bad Circ. Res., March 31, 2000; 86(6): 607 - 609. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. L. Gabai, A. B. Meriin, J. A. Yaglom, J. Y. Wei, D. D. Mosser, and M. Y. Sherman Suppression of Stress Kinase JNK Is Involved in HSP72-mediated Protection of Myogenic Cells from Transient Energy Deprivation. HSP72 ALLEVIATES THE STRESS-INDUCED INHIBITION OF JNK DEPHOSPHORYLATION J. Biol. Chem., November 22, 2000; 275(48): 38088 - 38094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T.-L. Yue, J.-L. Gu, C. Wang, A. D. Reith, J. C. Lee, R. C. Mirabile, R. Kreutz, Y. Wang, B. Maleeff, A. A. Parsons, et al. Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Plays an Essential Role in Hypertrophic Agonists, Endothelin-1 and Phenylephrine-induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy J. Biol. Chem., November 22, 2000; 275(48): 37895 - 37901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Liao, S.-Q. Wang, S. Wang, M. Zheng, M. Zheng, S.-J. Zhang, H. Cheng, Y. Wang, and R.-P. Xiao p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Mediates a Negative Inotropic Effect in Cardiac Myocytes Circ. Res., February 8, 2002; 90(2): 190 - 196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. A. Patel, Q.-J. Zhang, K. Siddle, M. A. Soos, M. Goddard, P. L. Weissberg, and M. R. Bennett Defect in Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Survival Mechanism in Atherosclerotic Plaque-Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Is Mediated by Reduced Surface Binding and Signaling Circ. Res., May 11, 2001; 88(9): 895 - 902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Gao, E. Gao, T.-L. Yue, E. H. Ohlstein, B. L. Lopez, T. A. Christopher, and X.-L. Ma Nitric Oxide Mediates the Antiapoptotic Effect of Insulin in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion: The Roles of PI3-Kinase, Akt, and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Phosphorylation Circulation, March 26, 2002; 105(12): 1497 - 1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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