© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contribution |
Tie2 Receptor Ligands, Angiopoietin-1 and Angiopoietin-2, Modulate VEGF-Induced Postnatal Neovascularization
From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biomedical Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc (G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY.
Correspondence to Jeffrey M. Isner, MD, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, 736 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02135.
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Abstract |
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Abstract—Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) has been recently identified as the major physiological ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor Tie2 and assigned responsibility for recruiting and sustaining periendothelial support cells. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) was found to disrupt blood vessel formation in the developing embryo by antagonizing the effects of Ang1 and Tie2 and was thus considered to represent a natural Ang1/Tie2 inhibitor. In vivo effects of either angiopoietin on postnatal neovascularization, however, have not been previously described. Accordingly, we used the cornea micropocket assay of neovascularization to investigate the impact of angiopoietins on neovascularization in vivo. Neither Ang1 nor Ang2 alone promoted neovascularization. Pellets containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) alone induced corneal neovascularity extending from the limbus across the cornea. Addition of Ang1 to VEGF (Ang1+VEGF) produced an increase in macroscopically evident perfusion of the corneal neovasculature without affecting macroscopic measurements of length (0.58±0.03 mm) or circumferential neovascularity (136±10°). In contrast, pellets containing Ang2+VEGF promoted significantly longer (0.67±0.05 mm) and more circumferential (160±15°) neovascularity than VEGF alone or Ang1+VEGF (P<0.05). Excess soluble Tie2 receptor (sTie2-Fc) precluded modulation of VEGF-induced neovascularization by both Ang2 and Ang1. Fluorescent microscopic findings demonstrated enhanced capillary density (fluorescence intensity, 2.55±0.23 e+9 versus 1.23±0.17 e+9, P<0.01) and increased luminal diameter of the basal limbus artery (39.0±2.8 versus 27.9±1.3 µm, P<0.01) for Ang1+VEGF compared with VEGF alone. In contrast to Ang1+VEGF, Ang2+VEGF produced longer vessels and, at the tip of the developing capillaries, frequent isolated sprouting cells. In the case of Ang2+VEGF, however, luminal diameter of the basal limbus artery was not increased (26.7±1.9 versus 27.9±1.3, P=NS). These findings constitute what is to our knowledge the first direct demonstration of postnatal bioactivity associated with either angiopoietin. In particular, these results indicate that angiopoietins may potentiate the effects of other angiogenic cytokines. Moreover, these findings provide in vivo evidence that Ang1 promotes vascular network maturation, whereas Ang2 works to initiate neovascularization.
Key Words: angiopoietin • Tie2 receptor • vascular endothelial growth factor • angiogenesis • endothelial cell
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Establishment and remodeling of blood vessels is regulated by paracrine signals from the transmembrane TKRs of endothelial cells. Flk-1 and Flt-1 are 2 such TKRs, which, together with their cognate ligand VEGF, have been shown to be required for blood vessel development during embryogenesis1 2 ; this receptor/ligand family also has been shown to augment postnatal neovascularization.3 4 5 6 7
The Tie receptors, Tie1 and Tie2, constitute a second family of endothelial cell–specific TKRs, and the latter has been shown recently to be widely expressed in the quiescent vasculature of adult tissues.8 Tie2-/- mice die during embryogenesis at day 9.5 to 10.5; necropsy analyses have shown that the endothelial cells of such mice are present in normal numbers and assembled into tubes, but the vessels are immature and lack branch networks and hierarchical organization into large and small vessels.9 10 Deletion of Tie1 results in embryonic lethality at day 14.5; the finding of edema and hemorrhage in these mice has been interpreted as evidence that Tie1 signaling modulates the hemodynamics of transcapillary fluid exchange.10 11
Observations in human subjects have revealed that deficient SM cell investment typical of venous malformations is associated with a mutation in the Tie2 TKR,12 suggesting that the Tie2 system may regulate the endothelial cell recruitment of stromal cells required to encase and thereby stabilize primitive endothelial tubes.
Recently, the ligands of the Tie2 receptor have been identified as Ang1 and Ang2. Ang1 was identified as the major physiological ligand for Tie2, responsible for recruiting and sustaining periendothelial support cells. Ang2 was found to disrupt blood vessel formation in the developing embryo by antagonizing the effects of Ang1 and Tie2, and it was thus concluded that Ang2 represents a natural Ang1/Tie2 inhibitor. Extrapolation of these developmental findings to postnatal neovascularization has led to the dual inferences that Ang1 may induce maturation and stabilization of developing neovasculature,13 whereas Ang2 may cause destabilization required for additional sprout formation.14 In vivo effects of either angiopoietin on postnatal neovascularization, however, have not been previously described.
Accordingly, in the present series of experiments, we used the mouse corneal micropocket assay to determine the function of these novel endothelial cell–specific cytokines on postnatal neovascularization in vivo.
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Materials and Methods |
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Reagents
Human Ang1, Ang2, and sTie2-Fc were kindly supplied by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The recombinant protein was formulated in buffer solution consisting of 0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mmol/L NaCl, and 0.05% Chaps. Ang1 is a genetically engineered variant of naturally occurring Ang1 that retains similar properties in all assays. Soluble Tie2-Fc is a recombinant fusion protein consisting of the ectodomain of the Tie2 receptor fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1. Previous studies have shown that sTie2-Fc binds to Ang1, Ang2, and mouse angiopoietins.14 Recombinant human VEGF165 was a generous gift of Dr Bruce Keyt (Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, Calif).
Mouse Cornea Neovascularization Assay
Age-matched (8 weeks) C57BL/6J male mice (Jackson Labs, Bar
Harbor, Me) were used for all experiments. Preoperative
anesthesia was limited to
intraperitoneal pentobarbital injection (160
mg/kg). Corneal pockets were created in the eyes of each mouse using a
modified von Graefe cataract knife.15
A 0.34x0.34-mm sucrose aluminum sulfate (Bukh Meditec) pellet coated with hydron polymer type NCC (IFN Science) containing 1 of the agents indicated below was implanted into the corneal pocket. Pellets were positioned 1.0 mm from the corneal limbus, and erythromycin ophthalmic ointment (E. Foufera) was applied to each operated eye. The corneas of all mice were routinely examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy on postoperative days 4 or 6 after pellet implantation. Vessel length and the arc of corneal circumference occupied by neovascularity (circumferential neovascularity, in degrees) were measured on the sixth postoperative day when all corneas were photographed. After these measurements were completed, mice received an intravenous injection of 500 µg of the endothelial cell–specific marker BS-1 lectin conjugated to FITC (Vector Laboratory). Thirty minutes later, the animals were killed. The eyes were enucleated and fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde solution. After fixation, the corneas were placed on glass slides and examined by fluorescence microscopy. Several mice in each group did not receive BS-1 lectin injection; instead, the eyes were excised and fixed in 100% methanol solution for immunohistochemical staining.
Study Design
Age-matched (8 weeks) C57BL/6J male mice (Jackson Labs,
Bar Harbor, Me) were divided into 9 groups. Each mouse underwent
surgical implantation of pellets containing 1 of the following: control
buffer (0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 0.05%
Chaps) alone; Ang1 alone (300 ng/pellet); Ang2 alone (300ng/pellet);
control buffer with VEGF (control+VEGF, 300 ng/pellet); Ang1 with VEGF
(Ang1+VEGF, 300 ng/pellet); Ang2 with VEGF (Ang2+VEGF, 300 ng/pellet);
sTie2-Fc with control buffer and VEGF (sTie2+control+VEGF, 300
ng/pellet); sTie2-Fc with Ang1 and VEGF (sTie2+Ang1+VEGF, 300
ng/pellet); and sTie2-Fc with Ang2 and VEGF (sTie2+Ang2+VEGF, 300
ng/pellet).
Quantification of Corneal Neovasculature
Integrated optical density (IOD) from the cornea-derived
fluorescent slides was measured using a Cooke SVGA cooled CCD
camera attached to a Nikon Diaphot inverted microscope. The digital
images were processed using Media Cybernetics Image Pro Plus 3.0
software. Initially, all fluorescent images from different
groups were acquired directly from the microscope to the computer
screen using the same 2-second exposure time. The contour of the
vascular area was traced, and the IOD was automatically calculated. The
IOD equals the sum of all pixels, each of which has a value from 1 to
4096 gray levels, divided by the whole area. Results were expressed as
mean±SEM. The differences between each individual group were evaluated
by ANOVA. Differences were considered significant at
P<0.05.
Immunohistochemistry
For immunohistochemical staining, the excised eyes were fixed
immediately in 100% methanol overnight. After enucleation, the excised
corneal hemispheres prepared under the dissecting microscope were
embedded in paraffin. Sections of 5 µm thickness, cut either in
cross section or longitudinally, were used for immunohistochemistry.
Immunohistochemical staining for endothelial cells was
carried out using a rat monoclonal antibody against mouse CD-31
(Pharmingen). For detection of periendothelial cells, a
mouse monoclonal antibody against SM 
-actin conjugated with alkaline
phosphatase (Sigma) was used. A polyclonal peroxidase–labeled anti-rat
immunoglobulin (Signet Laboratories) was used as secondary antibody for
CD31. Vascular lumens bordered by CD31-positive cells were counted on
cross sections of neovascularized cornea. To evaluate the frequency of
periendothelial cell recruitment in corneal
neovascularization, SM -actin–positive cells were manually counted
on tissue sections cut in cross section as well. The number of positive
lumens in each case was expressed as mean±SEM. Group differences were
analyzed by ANOVA. Differences were considered statistically
significant at P<0.05.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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On the sixth postoperative day after pellet implantation, corneal neovascularization was evaluated qualitatively (Figure 1
) and quantitatively using slit-lamp
biomicroscopy to measure vessel length and circumferential
neovascularity (Figure 2). Neither the
control buffer pellet nor pellets containing Ang1 or Ang2 alone induced
neovascularization. Pellets containing VEGF alone induced corneal
neovascularity extending from the limbus across the cornea (Figure 1);
these vessels constituted 120±9° of the corneal circumference and
measured 0.52±0.03 mm in length. The addition of Ang1 to VEGF
(Ang1+VEGF) produced an increase in macroscopically evident perfusion
of the corneal neovasculature (Figure 3)
without affecting macroscopic measurements of length (0.58±0.03
mm) or circumferential neovascularity (136±10°). In contrast,
pellets containing Ang2+VEGF promoted significantly longer
(0.67±0.05 mm) and more circumferential (160±15°)
neovascularity than VEGF alone or Ang1+VEGF (P<0.05). An
excess of sTie2-Fc precluded modulation of VEGF-induced
neovascularization by either angiopoietin (Ang2 as well as Ang1).
Neovascularization induced by control buffer+VEGF was not attenuated by
sTie2-Fc, excluding a potential contribution from
endogenous angiopoietins.
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Fluorescence microscopic findings resulting from premortem
immunostaining with BS-1 lectin permitted more detailed
histopathologic analysis. Compared with control+VEGF, Ang1+VEGF
enhanced capillary density and luminal diameter of the basal limbus
artery (Figure 3
); this corresponded to a significant increase in
fluorescence intensity (2.55±0.23 e+9
versus 1.23±0.17 e+9, P<0.01; Figure 4) and luminal diameter of the basal
limbus artery (39.0±2.8 versus 27.9±1.3 µm,
P<0.01; Figure 5). In
contrast to Ang1+VEGF, Ang2+VEGF produced longer vessels and, at the
tip of the developing capillaries, frequent isolated sprouting cells
(Figure 3). These findings were not observed with Ang1+VEGF. In the
case of Ang2+VEGF, however, luminal diameter of the basal limbus artery
was not increased (26.7±1.9 versus 27.9±1.3, P=NS; Figure 5). The differential effects observed for Ang1 versus Ang2 in
combination with VEGF were apparent at day 4 (Figure 6).
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When sTie2-Fc was included with VEGF and control buffer in the implanted pellets, histopathologic vascular morphometry was unchanged. In contrast, sTie2-Fc obviated modulation of corneal neovascularization resulting from addition of Ang1 and Ang2 to the implanted pellets. These findings suggest an agonist function for both Ang1 and Ang2 in modulating VEGF-induced corneal neovascularization.
Light microscopic sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin disclosed only rare inflammatory cells associated with corneal neovascularization. A similar extent of low-level inflammation was observed after implantation of the control buffer pellet as well as pellets containing Ang1 or Ang2 alone, none of which induced neovascularization. This suggests that an inflammatory response is not a prerequisite for neovascularization in this cornea model, as suggested by others.16
To investigate specific histoarchitectural differences in
neovascularization resulting from Ang1 versus Ang2 in combination with
VEGF, we analyzed light microscopic sections prepared for
immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to CD31 and SM -actin.
Immunostaining for CD31 disclosed an increased number
of vascular lumens per cross section in tissue sections retrieved from
animals receiving Ang1+VEGF versus control buffer+VEGF (155.8±32.1
versus 33.0±3.9 per cross section, P<0.05). Sections
retrieved from the Ang2+VEGF group also disclosed an increased number
of vascular lumens compared with the control+VEGF group (80.6±16.2
versus 33.0±3.9 per cross section), but this failed to achieve
statistical significance (P=NS).
While both Ang1 and Ang2 resulted in an increased number of vascular
lumens, the neovasculature developing in response to each of these 2
cytokines differed in 2 respects. First, the lumens of vessels
constituting the neovasculature of Ang1+VEGF group were typically
larger than those of the control+VEGF group; those vessels that
developed in response to Ang2+VEGF, however, were of lesser luminal
diameter than those in the Ang1+VEGF group and in this respect similar
to those of the control+VEGF group (Figure 7). While this feature was difficult to
quantify because of the diminutive size of the lumens in general, it is
illustrated qualitatively in the representative
histological sections shown in Figure 7. Second, the
neovasculature of these 2 groups was characterized by a marked
difference in periendothelial cell frequency (Figure 8). Recruitment of
periendothelial cells was more frequent in Ang1+VEGF
(50.0±14.2 per cross section) than in Ang2+VEGF (11.6±1.4) or
control+VEGF (5.4±1.4) groups.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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We used the cornea micropocket assay of neovascularization to investigate the impact of angiopoietins on neovascularization in vivo. This cytokine-containing sucralfate assay is unique by virtue of the fact that it yields a predictable, persistent, and aggressive neovascular response that is dependent on direct stimulation of blood vessel development rather than indirect neovascularization induced by inflammation.16 We observed only very few inflammatory cells in association with corneal neovascularization. The fact that a similarly limited number of inflammatory cells was observed after implantation of the control buffer pellet as well as pellets containing Ang1 or Ang2 alone—none of which induced neovascularization—suggests that an active inflammatory response is not a prerequisite for neovascularization in this cornea model, as suggested by others.16 Neovascularity related to pellet implantation was thus exclusively cytokine dependent.
Previous reports have suggested that angiopoietins alone were not mitogenic for endothelial cells in culture nor did they induce tube formation within a collagen substrate.14 In the present experiments, neither Ang1 nor Ang2 alone promoted neovascularization. In contrast, however, when coadministered with VEGF, Ang1 had an important modulatory effect on corneal neovascularization. The increase in vascular density seen with Ang1+VEGF is consistent with previous studies showing that combined administration of endothelial mitogens may have a synergistic effect on neovascularization.17 18 19 The increase in luminal diameter of vessels constituting the neovasculature as well as the limbus artery may represent an additional modulatory effect, although the possibility that this was due to vasodilation resulting from augmented flow into the enriched plexus of corneal vessels cannot be excluded. The development of a more complex vascular network characterized by vessels of increased luminal size and more frequent recruitment of periendothelial cells may be considered evidence for a maturation effect of Ang1 on VEGF-induced neovascularization. This idea was suggested by Suri et al,13 who characterized the vascular network of Ang1-/- mice as less complex and comprising fewer large arteries, most of which were of lesser caliber and more poorly invested by periendothelial cells than the vasculature of wild-type mice.
The modulatory impact of Ang2 on VEGF-induced neovascularization was morphologically distinct and thereby quite different from simple enhancement of vascular density induced by VEGF. The circumferential extent and the length of vessels cooperatively induced by Ang2+VEGF were significantly increased compared with control+VEGF or Ang1+VEGF. Moreover, histological examination disclosed isolated migrating endothelial cells at the leading tip of capillaries coursing toward the pellet. Neither the size of the limbus artery nor that of vessels constituting the neovasculature, however, were enhanced in the case of Ang2+VEGF. We interpret these findings to indicate that the effect of Ang2 on VEGF-induced neovascularization is to promote vascular destabilization and sprouting required to initiate neovascularization. Consistent with this interpretation, Maisonpierre et al14 previously suggested that Ang2 may collaborate with VEGF at the leading edge of invading vascular sprouts by blocking constitutive stabilization or the maturation function of Ang1, thus allowing vessels to revert to and remain in a more plastic state in which they may be more responsive to sprouting signals provided by VEGF.
The effect of Ang1 or Ang2 on VEGF-induced neovascularization
constitutes inferential evidence for Tie2 expression in the cornea
micropocket assay. Coadministration of sTie2-Fc had no
inhibitory effect on angiogenesis induced by VEGF alone,
indicating that endogenous angiopoietins do not contribute
to corneal neovascularization. Moreover, we found very few
-SM actin–positive periendothelial cells in
VEGF-induced neovasculature, whereas abundant
periendothelial cells were seen in the cornea of
Ang1+VEGF group. This suggests that periendothelial
cell recruitment in neovascular development is dependent on Ang1 and
that VEGF-induced corneal neovascularization, in the absence of
endogenous angiopoietin, does not include Ang1-dependent
periendothelial cell recruitment for vascular
maturation, at least up to day 6.
Second, coadministration of sTie2-Fc abolished the modulating effects of Ang1 and Ang2 on VEGF-induced neovascularization. This finding is consistent with the recent demonstration by Lin et al20 that a soluble form of the extracellular domain of murine Tie2 blocked tumor angiogenesis, including tumor vascular length density, and consequently tumor growth. Moreover, the fact that sTie2-Fc preempted the modulating influence of not only Ang1 but Ang2 as well suggests an agonist effect for Ang2 on neovascularization. Maisonpierre et al14 were unable to show evidence of Tie2 activation by Ang2 (no tyrosine phosphorylation) in human endothelial cells; in contrast, Ang2 was shown to activate the Tie2 receptor when it was ectopically expressed in nonendothelial (NIH 3T3) cells. The present findings thus constitute the initial demonstration that Ang2 may activate the Tie2 receptor in vascular cells and support the notion that Ang2 may facilitate neovascularization.21
Because Tie2 expression is restricted to endothelial lineage22 23 and certain phenotypes of immature hematopoietic cells,24 it is possible that the cells responding to Ang2 in the present experiment could be either activated endothelial cells or endothelial progenitor cells25 derived from circulating blood that have homed to the site of corneal neovascularization. We have found previously that endothelial progenitor cells express the Tie2 receptor25 and, more recently, shown that endothelial progenitor cells make a substantive contribution to VEGF-induced corneal neovascularity (T. Asahara, D. Chen, J.M. Isner, unpublished data, 1997). Endothelial progenitor cells, in contrast to fully differentiated endothelial cells, may constitute a state that allows signaling from the Tie2 receptor to occur after binding by Ang2.
In summary, these findings constitute what is to our knowledge the first direct demonstration of angiopoietin bioactivity in postnatal animals. In particular, these results indicate that angiopoietins, as suggested by Wong et al,8 may potentiate the effects of other angiogenic cytokines. Moreover, these findings provide in vivo evidence that Ang1 promotes vascular network maturation, whereas Ang2 works to initiate neovascularization, concepts that were inferred from targeted genetic experiments13 14 or detection of gene expression in postnatal organs.14 Further studies will be required to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms by which angiopoietins modulate cells of endothelial lineage through the Tie2 receptor.
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Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms |
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Received December 29, 1997; accepted April 22, 1998.
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References |
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A. Brkovic, M. Pelletier, D. Girard, and M. G. Sirois Angiopoietin chemotactic activities on neutrophils are regulated by PI-3K activation J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2007; 81(4): 1093 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Jiang, H. Kh. Haider, N. M. Idris, A. Salim, and M. Ashraf Supportive Interaction Between Cell Survival Signaling and Angiocompetent Factors Enhances Donor Cell Survival and Promotes Angiomyogenesis for Cardiac Repair Circ. Res., September 29, 2006; 99(7): 776 - 784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Dell, S. Peters, P. Muther, N. Kociok, and A. M. Joussen The Role of PDGF Receptor Inhibitors and PI3-Kinase Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Corneal Neovascularization Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2006; 47(5): 1928 - 1937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. P.J. Brindle, P. Saharinen, and K. Alitalo Signaling and Functions of Angiopoietin-1 in Vascular Protection Circ. Res., April 28, 2006; 98(8): 1014 - 1023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. P. Hall, F. R. Westwood, and P. F. Wadsworth Review of the Effects of Anti-Angiogenic Compounds on the Epiphyseal Growth Plate Toxicol Pathol, February 1, 2006; 34(2): 131 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.-i. Hayashi, T. Asahara, H. Masuda, J. M. Isner, and D. W. Losordo Functional Ephrin-B2 Expression for Promotive Interaction Between Arterial and Venous Vessels in Postnatal Neovascularization Circulation, May 3, 2005; 111(17): 2210 - 2218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J I Patel, P G Hykin, Z J Gregor, M Boulton, and I A Cree Angiopoietin concentrations in diabetic retinopathy Br J Ophthalmol, April 1, 2005; 89(4): 480 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Voskas, N. Jones, P. Van Slyke, C. Sturk, W. Chang, A. Haninec, Y. O. Babichev, J. Tran, Z. Master, S. Chen, et al. A Cyclosporine-Sensitive Psoriasis-Like Disease Produced in Tie2 Transgenic Mice Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2005; 166(3): 843 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Mura, C. C. dos Santos, D. Stewart, and M. Liu Vascular endothelial growth factor and related molecules in acute lung injury J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2004; 97(5): 1605 - 1617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Sandhu, K. Teichert-Kuliszewska, S. Nag, G. Proteau, M. J. Robb, A. I.M. Campbell, M. A. Kuliszewski, M. J.B. Kutryk, and D. J. Stewart Reciprocal regulation of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 following myocardial infarction in the rat Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2004; 64(1): 115 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Yamakawa, L. X. Liu, A. J. Belanger, T. Date, T. Kuriyama, M. A. Goldberg, S. H. Cheng, R. J. Gregory, and C. Jiang Expression of angiopoietins in renal epithelial and clear cell carcinoma cells: regulation by hypoxia and participation in angiogenesis Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2004; 287(4): F649 - F657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. J. LEE, C.-H. CHO, S.-J. HWANG, H.-H. CHOI, K.-T. KIM, S. Y. AHN, J.-H. KIM, J.-L. OH, G. M. LEE, and G. Y. KOH Biological characterization of angiopoietin-3 and angiopoietin-4 FASEB J, August 1, 2004; 18(11): 1200 - 1208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Fan, O. Stoeltzing, W. Liu, M. F. McCarty, Y. D. Jung, N. Reinmuth, and L. M. Ellis Interleukin-1{beta} Regulates Angiopoietin-1 Expression in Human Endothelial Cells Cancer Res., May 1, 2004; 64(9): 3186 - 3190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Watanabe, H. Takagi, K. Suzuma, I. Suzuma, H. Oh, H. Ohashi, S. Kemmochi, A. Uemura, T. Ojima, E. Suganami, et al. Transcription Factor Ets-1 Mediates Ischemia- and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Dependent Retinal Neovascularization Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2004; 164(5): 1827 - 1835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-H. Cho, R. A. Kammerer, H. J. Lee, M. O. Steinmetz, Y. S. Ryu, S. H. Lee, K. Yasunaga, K.-T. Kim, I. Kim, H.-H. Choi, et al. COMP-Ang1: A designed angiopoietin-1 variant with nonleaky angiogenic activity PNAS, April 13, 2004; 101(15): 5547 - 5552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Pichiule, J. C. Chavez, and J. C. LaManna Hypoxic Regulation of Angiopoietin-2 Expression in Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., March 26, 2004; 279(13): 12171 - 12180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Peirce, R. J. Price, and T. C. Skalak Spatial and temporal control of angiogenesis and arterialization using focal applications of VEGF164 and Ang-1 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2004; 286(3): H918 - H925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Kirchmair, R. Gander, M. Egger, A. Hanley, M. Silver, A. Ritsch, T. Murayama, N. Kaneider, W. Sturm, M. Kearny, et al. The Neuropeptide Secretoneurin Acts as a Direct Angiogenic Cytokine In Vitro and In Vivo Circulation, February 17, 2004; 109(6): 777 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. K. Chan, L. N. Pham, C. Chinn, C. Spee, S. J. Ryan, R. J. Akhurst, and D. R. Hinton Mouse Strain-Dependent Heterogeneity of Resting Limbal Vasculature Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., February 1, 2004; 45(2): 441 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Rizkalla, J. M. Forbes, M. E. Cooper, and Z. Cao Increased Renal Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiopoietins by Angiotensin II Infusion Is Mediated by Both AT1 and AT2 Receptors J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., December 1, 2003; 14(12): 3061 - 3071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Matsumura, S. Miyagawa-Tomita, T. Shin'oka, Y. Ikada, and H. Kurosawa First Evidence That Bone Marrow Cells Contribute to the Construction of Tissue-Engineered Vascular Autografts In Vivo Circulation, October 7, 2003; 108(14): 1729 - 1734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Yamakawa, L. X. Liu, T. Date, A. J. Belanger, K. A. Vincent, G. Y. Akita, T. Kuriyama, S. H. Cheng, R. J. Gregory, and C. Jiang Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Mediates Activation of Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells by Inducing Multiple Angiogenic Factors Circ. Res., October 3, 2003; 93(7): 664 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sarlos, B. Rizkalla, C. J. Moravski, Z. Cao, M. E. Cooper, and J. L. Wilkinson-Berka Retinal Angiogenesis Is Mediated by an Interaction between the Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor, VEGF, and Angiopoietin Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2003; 163(3): 879 - 887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Matsunaga, D. C. Warltier, J. Tessmer, D. Weihrauch, M. Simons, and W. M. Chilian Expression of VEGF and angiopoietins-1 and -2 during ischemia-induced coronary angiogenesis Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H352 - H358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Babaei, K. Teichert-Kuliszewska, Q. Zhang, N. Jones, D. J. Dumont, and D. J. Stewart Angiogenic Actions of Angiopoietin-1 Require Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2003; 162(6): 1927 - 1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. G. Lloyd, B. M. Prior, H. T. Yang, and R. L. Terjung Angiogenic growth factor expression in rat skeletal muscle in response to exercise training Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2003; 284(5): H1668 - H1678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. R. White, S. Shan, C. P. Rusconi, G. Shetty, M. W. Dewhirst, C. D. Kontos, and B. A. Sullenger Inhibition of rat corneal angiogenesis by a nuclease-resistant RNA aptamer specific for angiopoietin-2 PNAS, April 29, 2003; 100(9): 5028 - 5033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. I. Nykanen, R. Krebs, A. Saaristo, P. Turunen, K. Alitalo, S. Yla-Herttuala, P. K. Koskinen, and K. B. Lemstrom Angiopoietin-1 Protects Against the Development of Cardiac Allograft Arteriosclerosis Circulation, March 11, 2003; 107(9): 1308 - 1314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Yamada, Y. Oike, H. Ogawa, Y. Ito, H. Fujisawa, T. Suda, and N. Takakura Neuropilin-1 on hematopoietic cells as a source of vascular development Blood, March 1, 2003; 101(5): 1801 - 1809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Takagi, S. Koyama, H. Seike, H. Oh, A. Otani, M. Matsumura, and Y. Honda Potential Role of the Angiopoietin/Tie2 System in Ischemia-Induced Retinal Neovascularization Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2003; 44(1): 393 - 402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W.-H. Zhu, A. MacIntyre, and R. F. Nicosia Regulation of Angiogenesis by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiopoietin-1 in the Rat Aorta Model : Distinct Temporal Patterns of Intracellular Signaling Correlate with Induction of Angiogenic Sprouting Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2002; 161(3): 823 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. S. J. M. de Bont, V. Fidler, T. Meeuwsen, F. Scherpen, K. Hahlen, and W. A. Kamps Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Secretion Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Relapse-free Survival in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2002; 8(9): 2856 - 2861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. B. Lobov, P. C. Brooks, and R. A. Lang From the Cover: Angiopoietin-2 displays VEGF-dependent modulation of capillary structure and endothelial cell survival in vivo PNAS, August 20, 2002; 99(17): 11205 - 11210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. R. Wedge, D. J. Ogilvie, M. Dukes, J. Kendrew, R. Chester, J. A. Jackson, S. J. Boffey, P. J. Valentine, J. O. Curwen, H. L. Musgrove, et al. ZD6474 Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling, Angiogenesis, and Tumor Growth following Oral Administration Cancer Res., August 15, 2002; 62(16): 4645 - 4655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.-C. Shih, G. S. Robinson, C. A. Perruzzi, A. Calvo, K. Desai, J. E. Green, I. U. Ali, L. E. H. Smith, and D. R. Senger Molecular Profiling of Angiogenesis Markers Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2002; 161(1): 35 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Camenisch, M. T. Pisabarro, D. Sherman, J. Kowalski, M. Nagel, P. Hass, M.-H. Xie, A. Gurney, S. Bodary, X. H. Liang, et al. ANGPTL3 Stimulates Endothelial Cell Adhesion and Migration via Integrin alpha vbeta 3 and Induces Blood Vessel Formation in Vivo J. Biol. Chem., May 3, 2002; 277(19): 17281 - 17290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Rodins, M. Cheale, N. Coleman, and S. B. Fox Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 2 Expression in Normal Kidney and Renal Cell Carcinomas: Relationship to Tumor Dormancy and Potential Clinical Utility Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2002; 8(4): 1075 - 1081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.S. MOULTON Plaque Angiogenesis: Its Functions and Regulation Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 2002; 67(0): 471 - 482. [Abstract] [PDF]
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K. J. Sales, A. A. Katz, B. Howard, R. P. Soeters, R. P. Millar, and H. N. Jabbour Cyclooxygenase-1 Is Up-Regulated in Cervical Carcinomas: Autocrine/Paracrine Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2, Prostaglandin E Receptors, and Angiogenic Factors by Cyclooxygenase-1 Cancer Res., January 1, 2002; 62(2): 424 - 432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. S. J. M. de Bont, J. E. J. Guikema, F. Scherpen, T. Meeuwsen, W. A. Kamps, E. Vellenga, and N. A. Bos Mobilized Human CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells Enhance Tumor Growth in a Nonobese Diabetic/Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mouse Model of Human Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cancer Res., October 1, 2001; 61(20): 7654 - 7659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Koga, T. Todaka, M. Morioka, J.-i. Hamada, Y. Kai, S. Yano, A. Okamura, N. Takakura, T. Suda, and Y. Ushio Expression of Angiopoietin-2 in Human Glioma Cells and Its Role for Angiogenesis Cancer Res., August 1, 2001; 61(16): 6248 - 6254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Harris, P. Reusch, B. Barleon, C. Hang, N. Dobbs, and D. Marme Soluble Tie2 and Flt1 Extracellular Domains in Serum of Patients with Renal Cancer and Response to Antiangiogenic Therapy Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2001; 7(7): 1992 - 1997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Yokoyama and T. Hirase Harmonic Interplay of Angiogenic Growth Factors in the Development of Coronary Blood Vessels Circ. Res., June 8, 2001; 88(11): 1099 - 1101. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R Tabibiazar and S.G Rockson Angiogenesis and the ischaemic heart Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2001; 22(11): 903 - 918. [PDF]
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M. Hangai, T. Murata, N. Miyawaki, C. Spee, J. I. Lim, S. He, D. R. Hinton, and S. J. Ryan Angiopoietin-1 Upregulation by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2001; 42(7): 1617 - 1625. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 A. Otani, H. Takagi, H. Oh, S. Koyama, and Y. Honda Angiotensin II Induces Expression of the Tie2 Receptor Ligand, Angiopoietin-2, in Bovine Retinal Endothelial Cells Diabetes, April 1, 2001; 50(4): 867 - 875. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. J. Currie, S. P. Gunningham, C. Han, P. A. E. Scott, B. A. Robinson, A. L. Harris, and S. B. Fox Angiopoietin-1 Is Inversely Related to Thymidine Phosphorylase Expression in Human Breast Cancer, Indicating a Role in Vascular Remodeling Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2001; 7(4): 918 - 927. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Teichert-Kuliszewska, P. C. Maisonpierre, N. Jones, A. I.M. Campbell, Z. Master, M. P. Bendeck, K. Alitalo, D. J. Dumont, G. D. Yancopoulos, and D. J. Stewart Biological action of angiopoietin-2 in a fibrin matrix model of angiogenesis is associated with activation of Tie2 Cardiovasc Res, February 16, 2001; 49(3): 659 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. A. Ahmad, W. Liu, Y. D. Jung, F. Fan, M. Wilson, N. Reinmuth, R. M. Shaheen, C. D. Bucana, and L. M. Ellis The Effects of Angiopoietin-1 and -2 on Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis in Human Colon Cancer Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(4): 1255 - 1259. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Fujiyama, H. Matsubara, Y. Nozawa, K. Maruyama, Y. Mori, Y. Tsutsumi, H. Masaki, Y. Uchiyama, Y. Koyama, A. Nose, et al. Angiotensin AT1 and AT2 Receptors Differentially Regulate Angiopoietin-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Angiogenesis by Modulating Heparin Binding-Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-Mediated EGF Receptor Transactivation Circ. Res., January 19, 2001; 88(1): 22 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. K. Chae, I. Kim, S. T. Lim, M. J. Chung, W. H. Kim, H. G. Kim, J. K. Ko, and G. Y. Koh Coadministration of Angiopoietin-1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Enhances Collateral Vascularization Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2000; 20(12): 2573 - 2578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Wulff, H. Wilson, P. Largue, W. C. Duncan, D. G. Armstrong, and H. M. Fraser Angiogenesis in the Human Corpus Luteum: Localization and Changes in Angiopoietins, Tie-2, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2000; 85(11): 4302 - 4309. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C. Willam, P. Koehne, J. S. Jurgensen, M. Grafe, K. D. Wagner, S. Bachmann, U. Frei, and K.-U. Eckardt Tie2 Receptor Expression Is Stimulated by Hypoxia and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., September 1, 2000; 87(5): 370 - 377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Uchida, M. Nakashima, Y. Hirota, Y. Miyazaki, T. Tsukazaki, and H. Shindo Immunohistochemical localisation of protein tyrosine kinase receptors Tie-1 and Tie-2 in synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis: correlation with angiogenesis and synovial proliferation Ann Rheum Dis, August 1, 2000; 59(8): 607 - 614. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Bongrazio, C. Baumann, A. Zakrzewicz, A. R Pries, and P. Gaehtgens Evidence for modulation of genes involved in vascular adaptation by prolonged exposure of endothelial cells to shear stress Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2000; 47(2): 384 - 393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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