© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Molecular Basis of Human Cardiac Troponin T Isoforms Expressed in the Developing, Adult, and Failing Heart
From the Departments of Biology (A.G., T.M.M., B.K.K.) and Pathology (N.N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (P.D.A.), Boston, Mass; and the Departments of Surgery (R.M.U.) and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (P.A.W.A., A.E.O.), Duke University, Durham, NC.
Correspondence to Page A.W. Anderson, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3218, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail ander005@mc.duke.edu.
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Abstract Cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a protein essential for calcium-regulated myofibrillar ATPase activity, is expressed in the human heart as four isoforms (cTnT1 through cTnT4, numbered in the order of decreasing molecular size). The expression of these isoforms at the protein level has previously been found by us to differ in the normal and failing adult and fetal human heart. In the present study, we have cloned and sequenced four full-length cDNAs corresponding to the four native cTnT protein isoforms and have expressed these cDNAs in an in vitro transcription and translation system. The cDNAs differ by the variable inclusion of a 15- and a 30-nt exon in the 5' half of the coding region. These cDNAs yielded proteins that comigrate with the native isoforms, cTnT1 through cTnT4. Polyclonal antisera, raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 10-residue peptide encoded by the 30-nt exon, reacted with the two human isoforms largest in molecular size (cTnT1 and cTnT2) and the two largest cTnT isoforms of the rabbit and rat. The isoforms cTnT1 and cTnT2, containing either both peptides encoded by the 30- and 15-nt exons or the peptide encoded by the 30-nt exon alone, are expressed in the fetal heart, with cTnT2 being expressed at a very low level. cTnT4, lacking both of these sequences, is expressed in the fetal heart and is reexpressed in the failing adult heart, whereas cTnT3, containing the 5-residue peptide, is the dominant isoform in the adult heart. The identification and acquisition of these full-length clones that encode the four human cTnT isoforms should prove valuable in analyzing genomic DNA, identifying cTnT mutations in these alternatively spliced coding sequences and their splice sites, and studying the functional role of these isoform sequence differences in the normal and the diseased human heart.
Key Words: fetus • newborn • familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy • rabbit • rat • alternative splicing
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Troponin T is a component of the troponin complex that regulates cardiac muscle contraction.1 2 The complex also contains troponin I, which inhibits thick- and thin-filament interaction, and troponin C, whose binding of calcium disinhibits this interaction. Troponin T binds the complex to tropomyosin and confers onto the myofilaments their calcium concentration–dependent ATPase activity.2 Multiple cardiac troponin T (cTnT) isoforms are expressed in the mammalian heart,3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 whereas troponin C11 and troponin I12 are expressed as single isoforms in the adult heart. Interestingly, in the human heart four cTnT isoforms are expressed in a developmentally regulated manner.3 This expression in the human heart is affected by heart failure.3
The importance of troponin T in proper muscle function and myofibril formation has become evident through mutational analysis. In insect flight muscle, troponin T mutations produce abnormal myofibrillogenesis and function.13 In humans, Thierfelder et al14 have recently found that affected members of some families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have cTnT mutations.
The functional significance of expressing multiple cTnT isoforms is supported by a correlation between peak myofibrillar ATPase activity and isoform expression in donor and failing human left ventricular myocardium.3 This functional importance is further supported by the correlation between certain rabbit15 and bovine16 cTnT isoforms and the sensitivity of their myofilaments to calcium and between rabbit cTnT isoform expression and its myofilament calcium binding.17
As a first step toward understanding the functional significance of the diversity of cTnT isoform expression in the human heart, we have deduced from four full-length cDNAs the amino acid sequences of the four human cTnT isoforms and demonstrated that the products encoded by these four cDNAs comigrate with the four native isoforms. Based on the existence of a single cTnT gene,18 19 our sequence analysis demonstrates that combinatorial alternative splicing of two 5' exons yields the four human isoforms and suggests that in the mammalian heart combinatorial alternative splicing of these two 5' exons is the general mechanism for producing the four commonly found cTnT isoforms.3 6 20 In light of previous functional assessments, these sequence differences among the isoforms may play a role in modulating myofilament function.
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Isolation and Characterization of Human cTnT cDNA
MAb 13-11, a mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes a cardiac-specific troponin T epitope,6 was used to screen two
Zap II adult human heart cDNA libraries. Two clones, 
2 kb
and 1 kb in length, were isolated and sequenced by the dideoxy chain
termination method21 and automated fluorescent dideoxy
chain termination (UNC DNA Sequencing Facility). The 2-kb clone contained a 54-nt 5' untranslated sequence and 639-nt coding sequence, whereas the 1-kb clone contained, except for the start codon, an entire cTnT coding sequence and the 3' untranslated region including the polyadenylation signal. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to introduce the missing first 3 nt of the coding sequence, yielding a full-length cDNA from the 1-kb clone. A full-length cDNA with the same sequence and three additional full-length cDNAs were obtained by using reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR with primers designed from the 5' and 3' noncoding regions of the consensus cDNA.
RT-PCR and Cloning
Total RNA was isolated from human heart tissue, as previously
described.20 RNA was isolated from neonatal cardiac tissue
that was removed to surgically repair a congenital heart defect after
informed consent was obtained and from fetal heart tissue obtained at
the time of therapeutic abortion under protocols approved by Brigham
and Women's Hospital Institutional Committee for the Protection of
Human Subjects. cDNA was synthesized with oligo dT and AMV reverse
transcriptase (Promega), according to the manufacturer's directions.
PCR was performed on the newly synthesized cDNAs with Taq
DNA polymerase (Promega) and oligonucleotide primers designed from the
original cDNA clones (see Fig 1
legend). Samples were denatured at
94°C for 1 minute, annealed to the primers for 2 minutes at 58°C,
and extended at 72°C for 3 minutes for a total of 25 cycles. RT-PCR
products were separated on gels composed of 3% Nu-Sieve (FMC
Bioproducts) and 1% agarose (United States Biochemicals).
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To search for heterogeneity in the 5' end of the troponin T coding
region, primers o3150 and o3152 (Fig 1
legend) were used to generate
PCR products that were excised from an agarose gel, cleaved at the
Xba I restriction site carried by o3150 and at an internal
Sau3A restriction site, and cloned into
pBluescript KS+ at the Xba I and BamHI sites
(Stratagene). Primers o3153 and o2820 (Fig 1 legend), designed from the
3' region of the full-length clone, were used to generate RT-PCR
products that were restricted at internal Sau3A sites and
cloned into pBluescript KS+ at the BamHI site. Full-length
RT-PCR products were generated by using primers corresponding to 5' and
3' untranslated sequences, o3150 and o3155, respectively. The resulting
cDNAs were cleaved at Xba I and Xho I sites,
carried by the primers, and cloned into Bluescript KS. Positive
transformants of all constructs were identified by color selection and
sequenced with Sequenase, following the manufacturer's recommendations
(United States Biochemicals).
We found the in vitro translational efficiency of the cTnT3 cDNA, which was derived from the library screen and contained 185 bp of 3' untranslated sequence, including a polyadenylation signal, to be greatly enhanced over the cDNAs generated by RT-PCR. For this reason, we used a Sac I restriction site (nucleotide 417), common to all the isoforms, to construct cDNAs that contained this additional 3' untranslated sequence and used these cDNAs for in vitro translation reactions.
In Vitro Transcription and Translation
Full-length troponin T cDNAs, encoding proteins
cTnT1 through cTnT4, were transcribed
and translated in vitro (TnT lysate system, Promega) in the presence of
[35S]methionine. The translation products were denatured
in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) loading buffer and resolved in a 7.5%
polyacrylamide gel.
Western Blots
SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to resolve the
proteins of human fetal hearts, adult donor hearts that could not be
used for transplantation, failing adult human ventricular myocardium,
neonatal and adult rabbit ventricular myocardium, and fetal and adult
rat ventricular myocardium.4 The conditions used in the
present study were identical to those described
previously,4 except that the polyacrylamide concentration
was 7.5%. Proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride
(PVDF) and reacted with MAb 13-11 or polyclonal antisera, as previously
described.22 Polyclonal antisera were raised against the
synthetic peptide KGGEEDWREDEDE, which includes the sequence encoded by
the alternatively spliced 30-nt sequence found in human and rabbit
cTnT1 and cTnT2 isoforms20 (Fig 2). Immune complexes were detected on the blots by using alkaline
phosphatase–linked goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies,
nitro blue tetrazolium, and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl
phosphate.
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Human fetal ventricular myocardial proteins and the in vitro–transcribed 35S-translated products of the human cTnT cDNAs were resolved in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. After transfer of the proteins to PVDF and development of the color reaction, the membrane was exposed to autoradiographic film.
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cDNA Isolation and Characterization
A 2-kb cDNA clone (clone 2.9) was isolated from an adult male human heart
cDNA library by using MAb 13-11.6 The
clone contained 58 nt of the 5' noncoding sequence and 639 nt of the
coding sequence (residues 1 to 213 of cTnT). The remainder of the clone
corresponded to an unrelated sequence. A 1-kb cDNA clone was isolated
from an adult female human heart cDNA library by using MAb 13-11.
This second clone encoded residues 2 to 288 of a cTnT isoform (Fig 1) and 185 nt of the 3' untranslated sequence, including
the polyadenylation signal. As anticipated, both isolated clones
contained the highly conserved sequence (PRSFMPNLVPPKI), which is the
epitope of MAb 13-116 (Fig 1). The consensus between the
two cDNA clones was an 867-nt coding region that encodes a protein of
288 amino acids (Fig 1), which matches one and is similar to another
previously reported human cTnT cDNA.23 24 To ensure the accuracy of the coding sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence, RT-PCR was used to obtain full-length cDNAs. These full-length clones (see below for identification of other isoforms) confirmed that our consensus sequence and that of Townsend et al23 encode an identical protein while differing by two codons from the sequence reported by Mesnard et al.24 In our sequence and that of Townsend et al, codon 129 is AGA and encodes an arginine, whereas in the sequence of Mesnard et al, the codon is GGA and encodes a lysine. At position 239, AGC encodes a serine in our sequence and that of Townsend et al, whereas Mesnard et al report ACG, which encodes a threonine. RT-PCR, using primer pairs from the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, reproducibly yielded cDNA that encoded an arginine at 129 and a serine at 239, as did our clones obtained from library screening.
RT-PCR Identification of Additional Isoforms
Five full-length cDNAs were isolated by RT-PCR. Oligonucleotide
primers positioned in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (Fig 1 legend)
were used to generate the full-length cDNAs, which were subsequently
cloned. Sequencing these cDNAs demonstrated that their length
difference was a result of combinatorial alternative inclusion of a 30-
and a 15-nt sequence in the coding region. Two clones contained both of
the sequences, two contained the 15-nt sequence alone, and one
contained neither sequence.
RT-PCR, using primers flanking the 5' half of the coding
sequence, was performed to confirm the heterogeneity that was observed
in the isolated full-length cDNAs. Four PCR products of different sizes
were obtained. A Pvu II site within the alternatively
spliced 15-nt sequence provided a convenient method for the assay of
length differences among the PCR products. Over 200 cloned PCR products
from five RT-PCR reactions were assayed in this manner: the majority
comigrated with the Pvu II–cleaved products obtained from
the full-length clone containing only the 15-nt exon. The identity of
several clones was confirmed by sequencing. Eight clones contained both
the 15- and 30-nt exons, 12 clones contained the 15-nt exon alone, 5
clones contained neither exon, and a single clone contained the 30-nt
exon alone. It is apparent by Western blot (Fig 4) that the cTnT
isoform containing only the 30-nt exon is rare. A full-length cDNA
containing the 30-nt exon alone was generated by ligating this 5' PCR
product to the remainder of the coding sequence from one of the
full-length clones. The sequence differences among the four cDNAs are
shown in Fig 2.
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The 15-nt exon encodes a five-residue peptide, EAAVE, that corresponds
to residues 18 to 22 of the predicted amino acid sequence of the
consensus cTnT cDNA (Fig 1). This peptide sequence is present in
sheep cTnT25 and is similar to the sequences present
in cow and rabbit isoforms10 20 (Fig 3).
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The 30-nt sequence encodes a peptide, EEEDWREDED, falling between
residues 22 and 23 deduced from the consensus sequence (Fig 1). A
previously reported RT-PCR fragment of human cTnT contained a 27-nt
insertion in the same position.23 In our nine sequenced 5'
RT-PCR clones that contained an additional sequence in this position,
the sequence was always 30 nt in length. This cTnT 30-nt sequence
encodes a 10-residue peptide that is identical to a peptide encoded by
a 5' alternatively spliced 30-nt exon reported in rabbit20
and similar to the 10-residue peptides encoded by rat cTnT exon
47 19 and chicken cTnT exon 518 (Fig 3, and
see below). From these data, we concluded that in human cTnT cDNA the
sequence variably included in this position was 30 nt in length.
PCR reactions over the remainder of the coding sequence revealed no length heterogeneity. This differs from the rabbit and the rat, in which variable expression of a 9-nt exon, encoding QAQ and identified as exon 12 in the rat gene, yields QAQ, AQ, or complete exclusion of the exon.19 20 Sequencing 12 products from two fetal and newborn RT-PCR reactions revealed they all contained the 9-nt region, encoding QAQ. In five full-length cDNAs from RT-PCR and the two clones from the adult libraries, the 9-nt exon was always present. Thus, we found no variability in the splicing pattern of this exon in human cTnT cDNA. Although variable expression was not found, its presence in the rabbit and rat suggest that variable expression of this sequence may occur in the human heart, albeit with a low frequency.
In Vitro Expression of the Full-Length cDNAs
The four full-length cDNAs were expressed in vitro. The
comigration of the native proteins with the translated products of the
cDNAs is illustrated in Fig 4. The full-length cDNAs
containing the 30- and 15-nt sequences, the 30-nt sequence alone, the
15-nt sequence alone, and neither of the two sequences yielded
cTnT1, cTnT2,
cTnT3, and cTnT4, respectively
(Figs 2 and 4). cTnT3 is the dominantly expressed isoform
in the adult heart3 (Fig 4). cTnT4,
which contains neither the 30-nt nor the 15-nt sequence, is a fetal
isoform whose expression is increased in the failing human heart (Fig 4). The fetal isoform cTnT1 appears at a similar level with
cTnT4 in the fetal heart (Fig 4), whereas cTnT2
appears at a very low level (Fig 4).
Polyclonal antisera, raised against the 10-residue peptide, EEDWREDEDE,
reacted with the two largest isoforms in Western blots of immature
human, rabbit, and rat myocardium. We were not able to test
immunologically for the presence of the five-residue peptide, encoded
by the 15-nt exon (Fig 2), because of the apparent lack of antigenicity
of this short peptide.20 On the other hand, the
cardiac-specific MAb 13-11 recognized all the isoforms in the human,
rabbit, and rat myocardium, as the epitope is encoded by a portion of
the coding sequence shared across several vertebrate species.
Analysis of the Rat cTnT Gene
Previous analysis of the rat cTnT gene19 provided
an exonic pattern that differed from that of the chicken gene by the
absence of an exon homologous to chicken exon 4. The chicken sequence
encodes a six-residue peptide, EEYVEE, which is similar to five- and
six-residue peptides found in the same position in cow, sheep, and
rabbit cTnT isoform sequences (Fig 3). Our finding an alternatively
spliced 15-nt sequence in human cTnT cDNA that encoded a peptide
similar or identical to five- or six-residue peptides found in the same
position in cow, sheep, and rabbit cTnT suggested that such an exon may
be a common feature of vertebrate cTnTs. Searching of the intronic
sequences between exons 4 and 5 of the published rat gene
sequence19 revealed the potential for an additional exon
that encodes a five-residue peptide, AEAVE. The putative coding
sequence was flanked by the canonical 3' splice donor site (AG) and 5'
splice donor site (GT) sequences26 as well as a
polypyrimidine tract and a natural branch-point sequence for lariat
formation. Finding all of these sequence features suggests that
alternative combinatorial splicing of this novel exon and the
previously recognized rat 30-nt coding sequence will yield four rat
cTnT isoforms, the two largest containing the 10-residue peptide,
consistent with our Western blot analysis of fetal and adult rat
myocardial proteins (Fig 4).
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The sequences of the four human cTnT isoforms that are differentially expressed in the fetal and normal and failing adult hearts are identified in the present study. The functional significance of the altered cTnT isoform expression and decreased myofibrillar ATPase activity in the failing human heart3 27 can now be considered in context of the sequence differences among the isoforms. These cDNAs and their translational products will be useful in future tests of these functional relations.
We have determined that the four cTnT isoforms observed in human heart are generated by combinatorial alternative splicing of two 5' exons, a 15- and a 30-nt 5' sequence. Both exons encode highly acidic peptides; the inclusion of either peptide would add overall negative charge to the cTnT protein. A consensus full-length cDNA, which we obtained from adult heart cDNA libraries, and a full length cDNA, obtained from RT-PCR, contain the five-residue peptide encoded by the 15-nt exon and confirm the sequence of an adult cTnT isoform deduced from previously published sequences.23 24 This isoform, which we have named cTnT3, is the dominant isoform expressed in the adult human heart, on the basis of Western blot analysis. We have confirmed that this 15-nt exon is alternatively spliced; it is excluded from two isoforms (cTnT2 and cTnT4) that are expressed in the fetal heart, with cTnT4 being reexpressed in the failing adult heart. Although Townsend et al23 previously described a 27-nt sequence obtained from an RT-PCR product generated from the 5' region, our 30-nt sequence is consistent with the length of the alternatively spliced exon found in rabbit, rat, and chicken cDNAs and in the rat and chicken cTnT gene.7 18 19 20 The 30-nt sequence is most likely the actual size, in that it encodes the identical peptide deduced from an alternatively spliced rabbit 30-nt sequence20 and that the two largest human cTnT isoforms that are expressed in the human fetal heart (cTnT1 and cTnT2) are recognized by a polyclonal antiserum raised against the deduced 10-residue peptide.
The human cTnT isoform cDNA sequences, the previously analyzed rabbit
and rat cTnT cDNAs,19 20 and the results of reexamining
the sequence of the rat cTnT gene demonstrate in the mammal a general
pattern of combinatorial alternative splicing of the primary cTnT
transcript. Fig 2 illustrates the combinatorial alternative splicing of
a 15-nt sequence (in the rabbit, an 18-nt sequence; Fig 3) and a 30-nt
sequence in the amino-terminal region. We have not identified in the
human cTnT molecule any other regions in which alternative splicing
occurs. A 3' sequence encoding QAQ has been shown in rat and rabbit
cDNA to be variably expressed as QAQ, AQ, or not at
all.19 20 We searched for this polymorphism in the human
cTnT mRNA population and consistently found only the 9-nt exon encoding
QAQ. The possibility of a variable expression of QAQ must be considered
when human cTnT mutants are sought.
The finding of Thierfelder et al,14 who reported that mutations in the cTnT gene are present in affected members of some families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, makes it important to know the sequences that are alternatively spliced as well as allelic differences when screening for further mutations in human cTnT.14 The identification of alternatively spliced sequences will be useful in analyzing genomic DNA to establish gene organization and RNA to search for mutations. If screening approaches based on RNA analysis are used, the sequence variability identified in the present study could lead to results that suggest cTnT mutations. Additionally, the identification of these exons suggests that nonsense mutations in these alternatively expressed sequences could result in truncated translational products and loss of an isoform or loss of isoform-specific function and produce the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype. In addition, recognizing the presence of these exons allows mutations to be sought in their splice donor or acceptor sites that could yield incorrectly spliced transcripts and protein products.14 28 29
The functional significance of the variable inclusion of the 5- and 10-residue peptides in the various cTnT isoforms is suggested by previous studies. The previous studies of Nassar et al15 and McAuliffe et al17 suggest that the presence of isoforms containing the 10-residue peptide increases myofilament sensitivity to calcium. In the human heart, cTnT2, which contains the alternatively spliced 10-residue peptide, is found in very small amounts throughout development. However, cTnT1, which contains both the 10- and 5-residue peptide, is expressed at a high level in the fetal human heart. This high expression of an isoform containing the 10-residue peptide may be functionally important in the immature myocardium, where the peak cytosolic calcium concentration transient is significantly less than that of the adult.30
The predominantly expressed adult human isoform,
cTnT3, contains the 5-residue peptide and lacks the
10-residue peptide, whereas the fetal isoform,
cTnT4, which is reexpressed in the presence of heart
failure, lacks both peptides (Fig 2).3 A study using a
protein assay reconstituted with either of the two bovine cTnT
isoforms10 demonstrated that an amino-terminal 5-residue
peptide similar in charge and position to that of the human 5-residue
peptide altered the sensitivity of ATPase activity to
calcium.16 We have found that in human left ventricular
myocardium, peak myofibrillar ATPase activity is correlated with
cTnT4 expression.3 Altogether, these results
are consistent with the disease-associated shift in cTnT isoform
expression in the human heart altering myofilament function. Moreover,
these data identify specific sequences whose effects on myofilament
function should be tested.
Given the role of troponin T in myofibril function, myofibrillogenesis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the effects of development and disease on human cTnT expression, the data provided by the present study should prove useful in testing how cTnT isoform expression affects hearts of patients of different ages, hearts with different cardiac defects, and hearts exposed to abnormal hemodynamic states. The cDNAs of these human cTnT isoforms will prove useful in searching for cTnT mutations among patients, and the recombinant proteins generated from these cDNAs will prove useful in testing the functional significance of these isoforms.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported in part by the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Research Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (grants HL-42250 and HL-20749). The authors thank Dr Nils B. Adey for his technical advice on cloning.
Received October 24, 1994; accepted December 13, 1994.
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Q.-Q. Huang, H. Z. Feng, J. Liu, J. Du, L. B. Stull, C. S. Moravec, X. Huang, and J.-P. Jin Co-expression of skeletal and cardiac troponin T decreases mouse cardiac function Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): C213 - C222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Belin, M. P. Sumandea, T. Kobayashi, L. A. Walker, V. L. Rundell, D. Urboniene, M. Yuzhakova, S. H. Ruch, D. L. Geenen, R. J. Solaro, et al. Left ventricular myofilament dysfunction in rat experimental hypertrophy and congestive heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): H2344 - H2353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. E. Jweied, R. D. McKinney, L. A. Walker, I. Brodsky, A. S. Geha, M. G. Massad, P. M. Buttrick, and P. P. de Tombe Depressed cardiac myofilament function in human diabetes mellitus Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): H2478 - H2483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Venkatraman, A. V. Gomes, W. G. L. Kerrick, and J. D. Potter Characterization of Troponin T Dilated Cardiomyopathy Mutations in the Fetal Troponin Isoform J. Biol. Chem., May 6, 2005; 280(18): 17584 - 17592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Nassar, N. N. Malouf, L. Mao, H. A. Rockman, A. E. Oakeley, J. R. Frye, J. R. Herlong, S. P. Sanders, and P. A. W. Anderson cTnT1, a cardiac troponin T isoform, decreases myofilament tension and affects the left ventricular pressure waveform Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1147 - H1156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. Gomes, G. Venkatraman, J. P. Davis, S. B. Tikunova, P. Engel, R. J. Solaro, and J. D. Potter Cardiac Troponin T Isoforms Affect the Ca2+ Sensitivity of Force Development in the Presence of Slow Skeletal Troponin I: INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF TROPONIN T ISOFORMS IN THE FETAL HEART J. Biol. Chem., November 26, 2004; 279(48): 49579 - 49587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. B. Marston and C. S. Redwood Modulation of Thin Filament Activation by Breakdown or Isoform Switching of Thin Filament Proteins: Physiological and Pathological Implications Circ. Res., December 12, 2003; 93(12): 1170 - 1178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Biesiadecki, B. D. Elder, Z.-B. Yu, and J.-P. Jin Cardiac Troponin T Variants Produced by Aberrant Splicing of Multiple Exons in Animals with High Instances of Dilated Cardiomyopathy J. Biol. Chem., December 20, 2002; 277(52): 50275 - 50285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. Gomes, G. Guzman, J. Zhao, and J. D. Potter Cardiac Troponin T Isoforms Affect the Ca2+ Sensitivity and Inhibition of Force Development. INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF TROPONIN T ISOFORMS IN THE HEART J. Biol. Chem., September 13, 2002; 277(38): 35341 - 35349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Fredericks, J. F. Murray, N. D. Carter, A. M.S. Chesser, S. Papachristou, M. M. Yaqoob, P. O. Collinson, D. Gaze, and D. W. Holt Cardiac Troponin T and Creatine Kinase MB Content in Skeletal Muscle of the Uremic Rat Clin. Chem., June 1, 2002; 48(6): 859 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Biesiadecki and J.-P. Jin Exon Skipping in Cardiac Troponin T of Turkeys with Inherited Dilated Cardiomyopathy J. Biol. Chem., May 17, 2002; 277(21): 18459 - 18468. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. N Peterson, R. Nassar, P. A W Anderson, and N. R Alpert Altered cross-bridge characteristics following haemodynamic overload in rabbit hearts expressing V3 myosin J. Physiol., October 15, 2001; 536(2): 569 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. M. Diffee, E. A. Seversen, and M. M. Titus Exercise training increases the Ca2+ sensitivity of tension in rat cardiac myocytes J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2001; 91(1): 309 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Sanbe, J. Gulick, E. Hayes, D. Warshaw, H. Osinska, C.-B. Chan, R. Klevitsky, and J. Robbins Myosin light chain replacement in the heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2000; 279(3): H1355 - H1364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Szczesna, R. Zhang, J. Zhao, M. Jones, G. Guzman, and J. D. Potter Altered Regulation of Cardiac Muscle Contraction by Troponin T Mutations That Cause Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy J. Biol. Chem., January 7, 2000; 275(1): 624 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Ricchiuti and F. S. Apple RNA Expression of Cardiac Troponin T Isoforms in Diseased Human Skeletal Muscle Clin. Chem., December 1, 1999; 45(12): 2129 - 2135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q.-Q. Huang, F. V Brozovich, and J.-P. Jin Fast skeletal muscle troponin T increases the cooperativity of transgenic mouse cardiac muscle contraction J. Physiol., October 1, 1999; 520(1): 231 - 242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. F Purcell, W. Bing, and S. B Marston Functional analysis of human cardiac troponin by the in vitro motility assay: comparison of adult, foetal and failing hearts Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 1999; 43(4): 884 - 891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Ogut, H. Granzier, and J.-P. Jin Acidic and basic troponin T isoforms in mature fast-twitch skeletal muscle and effect on contractility Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, May 1, 1999; 276(5): C1162 - C1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Hoch, R. Meyer, R. Hetzer, E.-G. Krause, and P. Karczewski Identification and Expression of {delta}-Isoforms of the Multifunctional Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase in Failing and Nonfailing Human Myocardium Circ. Res., April 2, 1999; 84(6): 713 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. McDonough, D. K. Arrell, and J. E. Van Eyk Troponin I Degradation and Covalent Complex Formation Accompanies Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Circ. Res., January 22, 1999; 84(1): 9 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Ogut and J.-P. Jin Developmentally Regulated, Alternative RNA Splicing-generated Pectoral Muscle-specific Troponin T Isoforms and Role of the NH2-terminal Hypervariable Region in the Tolerance to Acidosis J. Biol. Chem., October 23, 1998; 273(43): 27858 - 27866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Bonne, L. Carrier, P. Richard, B. Hainque, and K. Schwartz Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy : From Mutations to Functional Defects Circ. Res., September 21, 1998; 83(6): 580 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Ricchiuti, E. M. Voss, A. Ney, M. Odland, P. A. W. Anderson, and F. S. Apple Cardiac troponin T isoforms expressed in renal diseased skeletal muscle will not cause false-positive results by the second generation cardiac troponin T assay by Boehringer Mannheim Clin. Chem., September 1, 1998; 44(9): 1919 - 1924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Heeschen, B. U. Goldmann, Robert. H. Moeller, and C. W. Hamm Analytical performance and clinical application of a new rapid bedside assay for the detection of serum cardiac troponin I Clin. Chem., September 1, 1998; 44(9): 1925 - 1930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. K. McConnell, C. S. Moravec, and M. Bond Troponin I phosphorylation and myofilament calcium sensitivity during decompensated cardiac hypertrophy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 1998; 274(2): H385 - H396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Lipshultz, N. Rifai, S. E. Sallan, S. R. Lipsitz, V. Dalton, D. B. Sacks, and M. E. Ottlinger Predictive Value of Cardiac Troponin T in Pediatric Patients at Risk for Myocardial Injury Circulation, October 21, 1997; 96(8): 2641 - 2648. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C.-M. Hsieh, S. Fukumoto, M. D. Layne, K. Maemura, H. Charles, A. Patel, M. A. Perrella, and M.-E. Lee Striated Muscle Preferentially Expressed Genes alpha and beta Are Two Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases Derived from the Same Gene as the Aortic Preferentially Expressed Gene-1 J. Biol. Chem., November 17, 2000; 275(47): 36966 - 36973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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