Published online before print November 6, 2008, doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.186577
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© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.
Reports |
Loss of Bmx Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Prevents Pressure Overload–Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy
From the Departments of Anesthesiology (S.A.M.-J., S.R., S. Wang, S. Warburton, M.J.Z., Y.W., T.M.V.), Medicine/Cardiology (Y.W., T.M.V.), and Physiology (Y.W., T.M.V.), David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles; and Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory (T.H., K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, the Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Correspondence to Thomas M. Vondriska, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine & Physiology, BH 557A CHS, 650 Charles Young Dr, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail tvondriska{at}mednet.ucla.edu
Abstract
Bmx nonreceptor tyrosine kinase has an established role in endothelial and lymphocyte signaling; however, its role in the heart is unknown. To determine whether Bmx participates in cardiac growth, we subjected mice deficient in the molecule (Bmx knockout mice) to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). In comparison with wild-type mice, which progressively developed massive hypertrophy following TAC, Bmx knockout mice were resistant to TAC-induced cardiac growth at the organ and cell level. Loss of Bmx preserved cardiac ejection fraction and decreased mortality following TAC. These findings are the first to demonstrate a necessary role for the Tec family of tyrosine kinases in the heart and reveal a novel regulator (Bmx) of pressure overload–induced hypertrophic growth.
Key Words: tyrosine kinase • cardiac hypertrophy • signal transduction
Bmx (also known as Etk) is a member of the Tec family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that has a critical role in B-cell development and proliferation.1,2 The Tec family was originally discovered by the observation that mutations in the Btk family member induce X chromosome–linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA),3,4 an immunologic disorder characterized by impaired antibody production and B-lymphocyte development. Although structurally similar to Btk, Bmx does not participate in XLA. Bmx has been shown to regulate wound healing in the epidermis5 and, more recently, the response of skeletal muscle to prolonged ischemia.6
Very little is known about the functional significance of Bmx or other members of the Tec family in the heart. An early study documented expression of Bmx mRNA in the endocardium and vasculature of the adult myocardium,7 but it was only recently that reports suggested that Bmx may be activated by nitric oxide8 or ischemic preconditioning9 in the heart. Whereas nonreceptor tyrosine kinases have been functionally implicated in cardiac phenotype, the role of the Tec family is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that absence of Bmx function prevents the hypertrophic response of the myocardium to pressure overload at the anatomic, functional, and cellular level. Our investigation uses genetic tools and physiological analyses to demonstrate a necessary role of this family of tyrosine kinase in cardiac function during stress.
Materials and Methods
The expanded Materials and Methods section in the online supplement, available at http://circres.ahajournals.org, provides a description of the mouse model of transverse aortic banding, the Bmx knockout (KO) mouse line, assessment of cardiac function by echocardiography, histology, gene expression analyses, and Western blotting.
Results
To determine whether Bmx nonreceptor tyrosine kinase is involved in cardiac signaling, we examined basal cardiac phenotype in homozygous Bmx KO mice.5 As monitored by echocardiography, these mice manifest no abnormalities in cardiac function at baseline resting conditions.
Given that Bmx has been implicated in growth and proliferative processes in noncardiac cells, we sought to examine the role of this protein in cardiac growth following pressure overload. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery was performed on adult male Bmx KO or strain-matched Balb/c wild-type (WT) controls after which mice were allowed to recover for up to 8 weeks with weekly monitoring of cardiac parameters by echocardiography (efficacy of TAC operation was determined by evaluation of carotid pressure gradient; data not shown). In WT mice, TAC caused robust hypertrophy at 8 weeks following the surgery, as evidenced by increased heart weight to body weight (Figure 1A) or heart weight to tibia length (Figure I, A, in the online data supplement) ratios in TAC as compared to sham WT mice. Gross images also demonstrate changes in cardiac morphology, notably left atrial distention in TAC operated WT mice (Figure 1B). Remarkably, Bmx KO mice were resistant to pressure overload–induced hypertrophic growth even after 8 weeks of stress (Figure 1A and 1B and supplemental Figure I, A), demonstrating a previously unrecognized role for Bmx signaling in the heart and implicating the molecule as a necessary component of cardiac hypertrophy following stress.
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To evaluate the role of Bmx in functional adaptation of the myocardium to pressure overload, echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac parameters every 5 to 7 days following TAC or sham surgery. Figure 1D shows M-mode images taken 8 weeks following surgery; note the preservation of wall motion in the TAC operated Bmx KO mice as compared with their WT counterparts (see supplemental Table I for additional cardiac parameters). This sustained function translated into preserved ejection fraction and fractional shortening, as well as resistance to left ventricular hypertrophy in the Bmx KO myocardium (Figure 1E and supplemental Figure, B). The functional benefits conferred by loss of Bmx also manifest as better survival following TAC (Figure 1C). At this time, it is unknown whether these benefits extend beyond 8 weeks.
Cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload or other stimuli can involve a conserved gene program that participates in reverting the myocyte to a more fetal-like state and precipitating pathological remodeling of the myocardium. We examined markers of this program in the Bmx KO myocardium and found that increases in ANF expression and aspects of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) switch following TAC remain intact in the absence of Bmx (Figure 2A). Bmx and other Tec family members have been implicated in regulating transcription in the heart10 and various cultured cell types11,12; however, Bmx does not appear to be required for critical aspects of the fetal gene program. These features, along with the cardiac mass data, are reminiscent of the response of the NOS3-deficient mouse to pressure overload,13 in which the loss of NOS3 protects against hypertrophic growth.
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-MHC and P=0.01 for β-MHC, #P=0.05 vs Bmx KO sham for ANF and β-MHC and P=0.04 for Having demonstrated that loss of Bmx renders mice resistant to the morphological changes associated with pressure overload and linking this to preserved function of the cardiac pump, we next sought to examine cellular level changes in the wake of TAC and the role of Bmx. Ventricular sections were analyzed by Masson’s trichrome and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining. WGA demarcates plasma membrane and was thus used for the dual purpose of evaluating changes in gross myocyte morphology (which were not observed; Figure 2B), as well as for calculating myocyte size. This latter index revealed that, akin to the organ and functional data, absence of Bmx function prevents hypertrophic growth at the myocyte level (Figure 2B and 2C). Histological analyses of cardiac sections by trichrome identified regions of fibrotic deposition, in particular around macrovasculature, following TAC that appeared unaltered by the loss of Bmx (Figure 2D). We also used terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining to examine apoptosis in the hearts of WT and Bmx KO mice and observed no difference in the degree of TUNEL positivity between these groups (data not shown).
To investigate local signaling mechanisms through which Bmx is necessary for pressure overload hypertrophy, we examined known regulators of the protein also implicated in cardiac growth. In WT mice, we observed increased Bmx activation (as detected by phosphorylation on tyrosine 40; supplemental Figure I, C), as well as a trend toward increased total Bmx protein following TAC. Other investigators have implicated altered association of Bmx with membranous fractions,14,15 as well as caspase-dependent degradation of the protein,16 as means of regulation; the contribution of these and other processes to available active Bmx in the basal myocardium or following TAC are unknown at this time. Because Akt is a known regulator of cardiac growth17 and has been implicated in Bmx signaling in noncardiac cells,12,18 we examined Akt total protein and phosphorylation following TAC. Absence of Bmx function did not alter total Akt following TAC (supplemental Figure I, D). Likewise, proximal (protein kinase D) and distal (glycogen synthase kinase 3β) signaling partners of Akt were ostensibly unaffected by the loss of Bmx. Furthermore, the behavior of Akt phosphorylation (at either T308 or S473), as detected by Western blotting, was not significantly changed between the normal and Bmx-deficient hearts (supplemental Figure I, D).
Discussion
This study provides the first definitive evidence for a role of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases in cardiac phenotype using genetic tools and physiological analyses. We demonstrate that Bmx is a necessary component of the morphological, functional, and cell level responses of the heart to pressure overload. Whether Bmx plays a role in other forms of cardiac hypertrophy, such as that induced by neural/hormonal stimuli, will be examined in future studies. A recent study showed that Bmx activity is necessary for acute and prolonged responses to ischemia in the rodent hindlimb.6 The short-term recovery required Bmx signaling not in the skeletal muscle but rather in bone marrow–derived cells. Given the increasingly recognized role of noncardiac cells in injury responses in the myocardium, we recognize that some of the affects Bmx exerts in the WT animal may arise from cells other than cardiomyocytes.
As mentioned previously, the Bmx KO phenotype following TAC shares several features with the NOS3 KO, including resistance to hypertrophic growth, preserved cardiac function, and undisturbed fetal gene activation.13 It is reasonable to hypothesize that Bmx modulates signaling via NOS3 during pressure overload; however, additional details regarding the relationship between these signaling systems will require further experimentation. The Bmx KO mice do not display altered cardiac development, indicating that although Bmx is indispensable in the response of the adult heart to pressure overload, it appears to not be required for normal embryonic cardiac development. These findings lend credence to task-specific roles for different signaling kinase family members and support the function of Bmx as a stress-activated isoform of the Tec family.
Acknowledgments
Sources of Funding
This work was supported by the NIH (to T.M.V. and Y.W.), American Heart Association (to T.M.V. and Y.W.), The Laubisch Endowment (University of California, Los Angeles) (to T.M.V. and Y.W.), and Helsinki University Hospital Funds (to K.A.).
Disclosures
None.
Footnotes
This manuscript was sent to James T. Willerson, Consulting Editor, for review by expert referees, editorial decision, and final disposition.
Received August 29, 2008; revision received October 29, 2008; accepted October 29, 2008.
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