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(Circulation Research. 2006;98:271.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.

Integrative Physiology

Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibition Causes Reverse Remodeling in Rats With Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Khalid M. Minhas^*, Roberto M. Saraiva^*, Karl H. Schuleri, Stephanie Lehrke, Meizi Zheng, Anastasios P. Saliaris, Cristine E. Berry, Konrad M. Vandegaer, Dechun Li, Joshua M. Hare

From the Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division and Institute for Cell Engineering (K.M.M., R.M.S., K.H.S., S.L., M.Z., A.P.S., C.E.B., K.M.V., J.M.H.), and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.L.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; and Department of Medicine (R.M.S.), Cardiology Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Correspondence to Joshua M. Hare, MD, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Cardiology Division, 733 Rutland Ave, Broadway Research Building 659, Baltimore, MD 21212. E-mail jhare{at}mail.jhmi.edu

Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is implicated in cardiac remodeling in heart failure (HF). As xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is 1 of the major sources of ROS, we tested whether XOR inhibition could improve cardiac performance and induce reverse remodeling in a model of established HF, the spontaneously hypertensive/HF (SHHF) rat. We randomized Wistar Kyoto (WKY, controls, 18 to 21 months) and SHHF (19 to 21 months) rats to oxypurinol (1 mmol/L; n=4 and n=15, respectively) or placebo (n=3 and n=10, respectively) orally for 4 weeks. At baseline, SHHF rats had decreased fractional shortening (FS) (31±3% versus 67±3% in WKY, P<0.0001) and increased left-ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension (9.7±0.2 mm versus 7.0±0.4 mm in WKY, P<0.0001). Whereas placebo and oxypurinol did not change cardiac architecture in WKY, oxypurinol attenuated decreased FS and elevated LV end-diastolic dimension, LV end-systolic dimension, and LV mass in SHHF. Increased myocyte width in SHHF was reduced by oxypurinol. Additionally, fetal gene activation, altered calcium cycling proteins, and upregulated phospho–extracellular signal–regulated kinase were restored toward normal by oxypurinol (P<0.05 versus placebo-SHHF). Importantly, SHHF rats exhibited increased XOR mRNA expression and activity, and oxypurinol treatment reduced XOR activity and superoxide production toward normal, but not expression. On the other hand, NADPH oxidase activity remained unchanged, despite elevated subunit protein abundance in treated and untreated SHHF rats. Together these data demonstrate that chronic XOR inhibition restores cardiac structure and function and offsets alterations in fetal gene expression/Ca²⁺ handling pathways, supporting the idea that inhibiting XOR-derived oxidative stress substantially improves the HF phenotype.

Key Words: xanthine oxidoreductase • remodeling • gene expression • heart failure

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