Published online before print May 18, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000227571.84189.65
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© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Integrative Physiology |
Formation of the Venous Pole of the Heart From an Nkx2–5–Negative Precursor Population Requires Tbx18
From the Department of Experimental and Molecular Cardiology Group (V.M.C., M.T.M.M., C.d.G.-d.V., A.T.S., A.F.M.M.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institut für Molekularbiologie (M-O.T., M.B., K.S-G., A.K.), Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute (O.W.J.P., R.P.H.), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia; and the Faculties of Life Sciences and Medicine (R.P.H.), The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.
Correspondence to Vincent M. Christoffels, Experimental and Molecular Cardiology Group, AMC, Meibergdreef 15, University of Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands. E-mail v.m.christoffels{at}amc.uva.nl
The venous pole of the mammalian heart is a structurally and electrically complex region, yet the lineage and molecular mechanisms underlying its formation have remained largely unexplored. In contrast to classical studies that attribute the origin of the myocardial sinus horns to the embryonic venous pole, we find that the sinus horns form only after heart looping by differentiation of mesenchymal cells of the septum transversum region into myocardium. The myocardial sinus horns and their mesenchymal precursor cells never express Nkx2–5, a transcription factor critical for heart development. In addition, lineage studies show that the sinus horns do not derive from cells previously positive for Nkx2–5. In contrast, the sinus horns express the T-box transcription factor gene Tbx18. Mice deficient for Tbx18 fail to form sinus horns from the pericardial mesenchyme and have defective caval veins, whereas the pulmonary vein and atrial structures are unaffected. Our studies define a novel heart precursor population that contributes exclusively to the myocardium surrounding the sinus horns or systemic venous tributaries of the developing heart, which are a source of congenital malformation and cardiac arrhythmias.
Key Words: sinus horns • congenital heart defect • Nkx2–5 • Tbx18 • morphogenesis • recruitment
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