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(Circulation Research. 2005;97:277.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Integrative Physiology

Optical Action Potential Upstroke Morphology Reveals Near-Surface Transmural Propagation Direction

Christopher J. Hyatt, Sergey F. Mironov, Frederick J. Vetter, Christian W. Zemlin, Arkady M. Pertsov

From the Department of Pharmacology (C.J.H., S.F.M., C.W.Z., A.M.P.), State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and the Biomedical Engineering Program (F.J.V.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston.

Correspondence to Arkady M. Pertsov, PhD, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Dept of Pharmacology, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210. E-mail perzova{at}upstate.edu

The analysis of surface-activation patterns and measurements of conduction velocity in ventricular myocardium is complicated by the fact that the electrical wavefront has a complex 3D shape and can approach the heart surface at various angles. Recent theoretical studies suggest that the optical upstroke is sensitive to the subsurface orientation of the wavefront. Our goal here was to (1) establish the quantitative relationship between optical upstroke morphology and subsurface wavefront orientation using computer modeling and (2) test theoretical predictions experimentally in isolated coronary-perfused swine right ventricular preparations. We show in numerical simulations that by suitable placement of linear epicardial stimulating electrodes, the angle of wavefronts with respect to the heart surface can be controlled. Using this method, we developed theoretical predictions of the optical upstroke shape dependence on . We determined that the level V_F* at which the rate of rise of the optical upstroke reaches the maximum linearly depends on . A similar relationship was found in simulations with epicardial point stimulation. The optical mapping data were in good agreement with theory. Plane waves propagating parallel to myocardial fibers produced upstrokes with V_F*<0.5, consistent with theoretical predictions for >0. Similarly, we obtained good agreement with theory for plane waves propagating in a direction perpendicular to fibers (V_F*>0.5 when <0). Finally, during epicardial point stimulation, we discovered characteristic saddle-shaped V_F* maps that were in excellent agreement with theoretically predicted changes in during wavefront expansion. Our findings should allow for improved interpretation of the results of optical mapping of intact heart preparations.

Key Words: optical action potential • conduction velocity • optical mapping • voltage-sensitive dye

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