Circulation Research. 2003;93:96-105
doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000082524.34487.31
doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000082524.34487.31
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Review |
Regulation of Nitric Oxide-Sensitive Guanylyl Cyclase
From Abteilung für Pharmakologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Correspondence to Doris Koesling, Abteilung für Pharmakologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany. E-mail doris.koesling{at}ruhr-uni-bochum.de
Rudi Busse Editor This Review is part of a thematic series on Cyclic GMP-Generating Enzymes and Cyclic GMP-Dependent Signaling, which includes the following articles:
Regulation of Nitric Oxide-Sensitive Guanylyl Cyclase
Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterases and Regulation of Smooth Muscle Function
Structure, Regulation, and Function of Membrane Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors, With a Focus on GC-A
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases and the Cardiovascular System: Insights From Genetically Modified Mice
Regulation of Gene Expression by Cyclic GMP
Explaining the Phenomenon of Nitrate Tolerance
In this review, we outline the current knowledge on the regulation of nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (GC). Besides NO, the physiological activator that binds to the prosthetic heme group of the enzyme, two novel classes of GC activators have been identified that may have broad pharmacological implications. YC-1 and YC-1-like substances act as NO sensitizers, whereas the substance BAY 58-2667 stimulates NO-sensitive GC NO-independently and preferentially activates the heme-free form of the enzyme. Sensitization and desensitization of NO/cGMP signaling have been reported to occur on the level of NO-sensitive GC; in the present study, an alternative mechanism is introduced explaining the adaptation of the NO-induced cGMP response by a long-term activation of the cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). Finally, regulation of GC expression and a possible modulation of GC activity by other factors are discussed.
Key Words: cyclic GMP • guanylyl cyclase • nitric oxide • phosphodiesterase • sensitization/desensitization
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