doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000027135.63141.89
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Review |
Cardiac Septation
A Late Contribution of the Embryonic Primary Myocardium to Heart Morphogenesis
From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Correspondence to W.H. Lamers MD, PhD, Dept of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail w.h.lamers{at}amc.uva.nl or a.f.moorman@amc.uva.nl
Heart morphogenesis comprises 2 major consecutive steps, viz. chamber formation followed by septation. Septation is the remodeling of the heart from a single-channel peristaltic pump to a dual-channel, synchronously contracting device with 1-way valves. In the human heart, septation occurs between 4 and 7 weeks of development. Cardiac looping and chamber formation bring the contributing structures into position to engage in septation. Cardiomyocytes that participate in chamber formation do not materially contribute to septation. The (re)discovery of the role of extracardiac mesenchymal tissue in atrioventricular septation, the appreciation that the formation of the right atrioventricular connection is more than a mere rightward expansion of the atrioventricular canal, the awareness that myocardium originating from the so-called anterior heart field regresses after its function as outflow-tract sphincter ceases, and the recent finding that the myocardialized proximal portion of the outflow-tract septum becomes the supraventricular crest have all significantly enhanced our understanding of the morphogenetic processes that contribute to septation. The bifurcation of the ventricular conduction system is the landmark that separates the contribution of the atrioventricular cushions and the outflow-tract ridges to septation and that divides the muscular ventricular septum in inlet, trabecular, and outlet portions.
Key Words: primary myocardium • ballooning heart model • septation • fate map
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  P. Dhanantwari, E. Lee, A. Krishnan, R. Samtani, S. Yamada, S. Anderson, E. Lockett, M. Donofrio, K. Shiota, L. Leatherbury, et al. Human Cardiac Development in the First Trimester: A High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Episcopic Fluorescence Image Capture Atlas Circulation, July 28, 2009; 120(4): 343 - 351. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Zhang, Y. Lin, Y. Zhang, Y. Lan, C. Lin, A. M. Moon, R. J. Schwartz, J. F. Martin, and F. Wang Frs2{alpha}-deficiency in cardiac progenitors disrupts a subset of FGF signals required for outflow tract morphogenesis Development, November 1, 2008; 135(21): 3611 - 3622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Goddeeris, S. Rho, A. Petiet, C. L. Davenport, G. A. Johnson, E. N. Meyers, and J. Klingensmith Intracardiac septation requires hedgehog-dependent cellular contributions from outside the heart Development, May 15, 2008; 135(10): 1887 - 1895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Matsson, J. Eason, C. S. Bookwalter, J. Klar, P. Gustavsson, J. Sunnegardh, H. Enell, A. Jonzon, M. Vikkula, I. Gutierrez, et al. Alpha-cardiac actin mutations produce atrial septal defects Hum. Mol. Genet., January 15, 2008; 17(2): 256 - 265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Wagner and M. A. Q. Siddiqui Signal Transduction in Early Heart Development (II): Ventricular Chamber Specification, Trabeculation, and Heart Valve Formation Exp Biol Med, July 1, 2007; 232(7): 866 - 880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Mesbah, A. Camus, C. Babinet, and J. Barra Mutation in the Trap{alpha}/Ssr1 Gene, Encoding Translocon-Associated Protein {alpha}, Results in Outflow Tract Morphogenetic Defects Mol. Cell. Biol., October 15, 2006; 26(20): 7760 - 7771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Park, L. A. Ogden, A. Talbot, S. Evans, C.-L. Cai, B. L. Black, D. U. Frank, and A. M. Moon Required, tissue-specific roles for Fgf8 in outflow tract formation and remodeling Development, June 15, 2006; 133(12): 2419 - 2433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. P. Lunkenheimer, K. Redmann, and R. H. Anderson The architecture of the ventricular mass and its functional implications for organ-preserving surgery Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., February 1, 2005; 27(2): 183 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Togi, T. Kawamoto, R. Yamauchi, Y. Yoshida, T. Kita, and M. Tanaka Role of Hand1/eHAND in the Dorso-Ventral Patterning and Interventricular Septum Formation in the Embryonic Heart Mol. Cell. Biol., June 1, 2004; 24(11): 4627 - 4635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. J. Gruber and J. A. Epstein Development Gone Awry: Congenital Heart Disease Circ. Res., February 20, 2004; 94(3): 273 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-M. Zhou, G. Weskamp, V. Chesneau, U. Sahin, A. Vortkamp, K. Horiuchi, R. Chiusaroli, R. Hahn, D. Wilkes, P. Fisher, et al. Essential Role for ADAM19 in Cardiovascular Morphogenesis Mol. Cell. Biol., January 1, 2004; 24(1): 96 - 104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Tabibiazar, R. A. Wagner, A. Liao, and T. Quertermous Transcriptional Profiling of the Heart Reveals Chamber-Specific Gene Expression Patterns Circ. Res., December 12, 2003; 93(12): 1193 - 1201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. F. M. MOORMAN and V. M. CHRISTOFFELS Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution Physiol Rev, October 1, 2003; 83(4): 1223 - 1267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Moorman, S. Webb, N. A Brown, W. Lamers, and R. H Anderson DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART: (1) FORMATION OF THE CARDIAC CHAMBERS AND ARTERIAL TRUNKS Heart, July 1, 2003; 89(7): 806 - 814. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|