© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Vascular Remodeling and Atherogenesis
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
From the Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine (Z.S.G., J.J.K.) and Biomedical Engineering (Z.S.G.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga.
Correspondence to Zorina S. Galis, PhD, 1639 Pierce Dr, WMB 319, Atlanta, GA 30322. E-mail zgalis{at}emory.edu
Vascular remodeling, defined as any enduring change in the size and/or composition of an adult blood vessel, allows adaptation and repair. On the other hand, inappropriate remodeling, including its absence, underlies the pathogenesis of major cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Since degradation of the extracellular matrix scaffold enables reshaping of tissue, participation of specialized enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has become the object of intense recent interest in relation to physiological ("good") and pathological ("bad") vascular remodeling. Experimental evidence acquired in vitro and in vivo suggests that the major drivers of vascular remodeling, hemodynamics, injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress, regulate MMP expression and activity. Alternatively, nonspecific MMP inhibition seems to oppose remodeling, as suggested by the inhibition of intimal thickening and outward arterial remodeling. An emerging concept is that MMP-related genetic variations may contribute to heterogeneity in the presentation and natural history of atherosclerosis. The hypothesis that MMPs contribute to weakening of atherosclerotic plaques is especially attractive for the potential development of therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing plaque disruption ("the ugly"), a major cause of acute cardiovascular events. However, the current lack of appropriate experimental tools, including availability of specific MMP inhibitors and pertinent animal models, still limits our understanding of the many actions and relative contributions of specific MMPs. Our future potential ability to control vascular remodeling via regulation of MMPs will also depend on reaching a consensus of what is indeed "good" or "bad" vascular remodeling, concepts that have continued to evolve and change.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • extracellular matrix • metalloproteinases • arterial remodeling
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J. D. Schmoker, K. J. McPartland, E. K. Fellinger, J. Boyum, L. Trombley, F. P. Ittleman, C. Terrien III, A. Stanley, and A. Howard Matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor expression in atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic thoracic aortic aneurysms J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., January 1, 2007; 133(1): 155 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Koenig and N. Khuseyinova Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability and Rupture Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2007; 27(1): 15 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Abilleira, S. Bevan, and H. S Markus The role of genetic variants of matrix metalloproteinases in coronary and carotid atherosclerosis J. Med. Genet., December 1, 2006; 43(12): 897 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Cuenca, P. Martin-Sanz, A. M. Alvarez-Barrientos, L. Bosca, and N. Goren Infiltration of Inflammatory Cells Plays an Important Role in Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression and Activation in the Heart during Sepsis Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2006; 169(5): 1567 - 1576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Eldrup, M.-L. M. Gronholdt, H. Sillesen, and B. G. Nordestgaard Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Associated With Stroke or Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Carotid Stenosis Circulation, October 24, 2006; 114(17): 1847 - 1854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Secchiero, R. Candido, F. Corallini, S. Zacchigna, B. Toffoli, E. Rimondi, B. Fabris, M. Giacca, and G. Zauli Systemic Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Delivery Shows Antiatherosclerotic Activity in Apolipoprotein E-Null Diabetic Mice Circulation, October 3, 2006; 114(14): 1522 - 1530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K De Leeuw, B Freire, A J Smit, H Bootsma, C G Kallenberg, and M Bijl Traditional and non-traditional risk factors contribute to the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus, October 1, 2006; 15(10): 675 - 682. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 S. Malik, K. Day, I. Perrault, D.S. Charnock-Jones, and S. K. Smith Reduced levels of VEGF-A and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and increased TNF-{alpha} in menstrual endometrium and effluent in women with menorrhagia Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2006; 21(8): 2158 - 2166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. M. Mallawaarachchi, P. L. Weissberg, and R. C. M. Siow Antagonism of platelet-derived growth factor by perivascular gene transfer attenuates adventitial cell migration after vascular injury: new tricks for old dogs? FASEB J, August 1, 2006; 20(10): 1686 - 1688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. Nilsson, L. Jonasson, J. Nijm, A. Hamsten, and P. Eriksson Increased Plasma Concentration of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Clin. Chem., August 1, 2006; 52(8): 1522 - 1527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Qin, M. A. Corriere, L. M. Matrisian, and R. J. Guzman Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Attenuates Aortic Calcification Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2006; 26(7): 1510 - 1516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-F. Lai, V. Seshadri, K. Huang, J.-S. Shao, J. Cai, R. Vattikuti, A. Schumacher, A. P. Loewy, D. T. Denhardt, S. R. Rittling, et al. An Osteopontin-NADPH Oxidase Signaling Cascade Promotes Pro-Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Activation in Aortic Mesenchymal Cells Circ. Res., June 23, 2006; 98(12): 1479 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. von Wnuck Lipinski, P. Keul, N. Ferri, S. Lucke, G. Heusch, J. W. Fischer, and B. Levkau Integrin-Mediated Transcriptional Activation of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins Protects Smooth Muscle Cells Against Apoptosis Induced by Degraded Collagen Circ. Res., June 23, 2006; 98(12): 1490 - 1497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Chandrasekar, S. Mummidi, L. Mahimainathan, D. N. Patel, S. R. Bailey, S. Z. Imam, W. C. Greene, and A. J. Valente Interleukin-18-induced Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Migration Is Dependent on NF-{kappa}B- and AP-1-mediated Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression and Is Inhibited by Atorvastatin J. Biol. Chem., June 2, 2006; 281(22): 15099 - 15109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Fiotti, N. Altamura, M. Fisicaro, N. Carraro, L. Uxa, G. Grassi, L. Torelli, R. Gobbato, G. Guarnieri, B. T. Baxter, et al. MMP-9 Microsatellite Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Carotid Arteries Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2006; 26(6): 1330 - 1336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A.P.J.J. Bijnens, E. Lutgens, T. Ayoubi, J. Kuiper, A.J. Horrevoets, and M.J.A.P. Daemen Genome-Wide Expression Studies of Atherosclerosis: Critical Issues in Methodology, Analysis, Interpretation of Transcriptomics Data Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2006; 26(6): 1226 - 1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Bujo and Y. Saito Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Migration by Members of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Family Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2006; 26(6): 1246 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Martin-Ventura, V. Nicolas, X. Houard, L. M. Blanco-Colio, A. Leclercq, J. Egido, R. Vranckx, J.-B. Michel, and O. Meilhac Biological Significance of Decreased HSP27 in Human Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2006; 26(6): 1337 - 1343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Zernecke, E. A. Liehn, J.-L. Gao, W. A. Kuziel, P. M. Murphy, and C. Weber Deficiency in CCR5 but not CCR1 protects against neointima formation in atherosclerosis-prone mice: involvement of IL-10 Blood, June 1, 2006; 107(11): 4240 - 4243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Chen, X. Wang, S. A. Carter, Y. H. Shen, H. R. Bartsch, R. W. Thompson, J. S. Coselli, D. L. Wilcken, X. L. Wang, and S. A. LeMaire A single nucleotide polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene (-8202A/G) is associated with thoracic aortic aneurysms and thoracic aortic dissection J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., May 1, 2006; 131(5): 1045 - 1052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kuzuya, K. Nakamura, T. Sasaki, X. Wu Cheng, S. Itohara, and A. Iguchi Effect of MMP-2 Deficiency on Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in ApoE-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2006; 26(5): 1120 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. P. Robinson III, C. D. Douillet, P. M. Milano, R. C. Boucher, C. Patterson, and P. B. Rich ATP stimulates MMP-2 release from human aortic smooth muscle cells via JNK signaling pathway Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): H1988 - H1996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Montero, J. Orbe, N. Varo, O. Beloqui, J. I. Monreal, J. A. Rodriguez, J. Diez, P. Libby, and J. A. Paramo C-Reactive Protein Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and -10 in Human Endothelial Cells: Implications for Clinical and Subclinical Atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 4, 2006; 47(7): 1369 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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