Circulation Research. 2001;89:763-771
doi: 10.1161/hh2101.099270
doi: 10.1161/hh2101.099270
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Reviews |
Novel Clinical Markers of Vascular Wall Inflammation
From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and the Leducq Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Dr Paul M. Ridker, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave East, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail pridker{at}partners.org
Abstract
Inflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and mediate many of the stages of atheroma development from initial leukocyte recruitment to eventual rupture of the unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Elevated plasma levels of several markers of the inflammatory cascade have been shown to predict future risk of plaque rupture. These markers include P-selectin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-
, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Produced in the liver in response to interleukin-6, CRP has emerged as the most powerful inflammatory marker of future cardiovascular risk. Initially considered an innocent bystander in the atherosclerotic process, recent evidence suggests that CRP may have direct proinflammatory effects. Numerous large-scale, prospective studies have found that elevated baseline levels of CRP are a strong independent predictor of future vascular risk. Furthermore, aspirin and statin therapy appear to be particularly effective among individuals with high CRP levels. The addition of CRP screening to traditional lipid testing has the potential to identify individuals at high risk for future cardiovascular events who may benefit from targeted preventive interventions.
Key Words: inflammation • risk factors • atherosclerosis
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L. Sternik, S. Samee, H. V. Schaff, K. J. Zehr, L. O. Lerman, D. R. Holmes, J. Herrmann, and A. Lerman C-Reactive Protein Relaxes Human Vessels In Vitro Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2002; 22(11): 1865 - 1868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Hurlimann, A. Forster, G. Noll, F. Enseleit, R. Chenevard, O. Distler, M. Bechir, L. E. Spieker, M. Neidhart, B. A. Michel, et al. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Treatment Improves Endothelial Function in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Circulation, October 22, 2002; 106(17): 2184 - 2187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Li, P. Junk, A. Huwiler, C. Burkhardt, T. Wallerath, J. Pfeilschifter, and U. Forstermann Dual Effect of Ceramide on Human Endothelial Cells: Induction of Oxidative Stress and Transcriptional Upregulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Circulation, October 22, 2002; 106(17): 2250 - 2256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Cooke and R. K. Oka Does Leptin Cause Vascular Disease? Circulation, October 8, 2002; 106(15): 1904 - 1905. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. J. Blake and P. M. Ridker C-Reactive Protein, Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1512 - 1513. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. L. Hazen and G. M. Chisolm Oxidized phosphatidylcholines: Pattern recognition ligands for multiple pathways of the innate immune response PNAS, October 1, 2002; 99(20): 12515 - 12517. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-K. Chang, C. J. Binder, M. Torzewski, and J. L. Witztum From the Cover: C-reactive protein binds to both oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells through recognition of a common ligand: Phosphorylcholine of oxidized phospholipids PNAS, October 1, 2002; 99(20): 13043 - 13048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. G. Futterman and L. Lemberg High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Is the Most Effective Prognostic Measurement of Acute Coronary Events Am. J. Crit. Care., September 1, 2002; 11(5): 482 - 486. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Verma, C.-H. Wang, S.-H. Li, A. S. Dumont, P. W.M. Fedak, M. V. Badiwala, B. Dhillon, R. D. Weisel, R.-K. Li, D. A.G. Mickle, et al. A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: C-Reactive Protein Attenuates Nitric Oxide Production and Inhibits Angiogenesis Circulation, August 20, 2002; 106(8): 913 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Blankenberg, L. Tiret, C. Bickel, D. Peetz, F. Cambien, J. Meyer, H. J. Rupprecht, and for the AtheroGene Investigators Interleukin-18 Is a Strong Predictor of Cardiovascular Death in Stable and Unstable Angina Circulation, July 2, 2002; 106(1): 24 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Grundy Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Coronary Atherosclerosis Circulation, June 11, 2002; 105(23): 2696 - 2698. [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Loftus and M. Thompson The role of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular disease Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2002; 7(2): 117 - 133. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. Verma, S.-H. Li, M. V. Badiwala, R. D. Weisel, P. W.M. Fedak, R.-K. Li, B. Dhillon, and D. A.G. Mickle Endothelin Antagonism and Interleukin-6 Inhibition Attenuate the Proatherogenic Effects of C-Reactive Protein Circulation, April 23, 2002; 105(16): 1890 - 1896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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