Molecular Medicine |
From the Departments of Medicine II (S.F., H. Matsubara, K.M., Y.M., Y.T., H. Masaki, Y.U., Y.K., A.N., O.I., E.T., T.I.) and Ophthalmology (N.J., N.O.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka; Pharmacological Laboratory (Y.N.), Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), School of Allied Health Science, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Correspondence to Hiroaki Matsubara, M.D., Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Fumizonocho 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan. E-mail matsubah{at}takii.kmu.ac.jp
AbstractAngiotensin II (Ang II)mediated signals are transmitted via heparin binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)like growth factor (HB-EGF) release followed by transactivation of EGF receptor (EGFR). Although Ang II and HB-EGF induce angiogenesis, their link to the angiopoietin (Ang)Tie2 system remains undefined. We tested the effects of Ang II on Ang1, Ang2, or Tie2 expression in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells expressing the Ang II receptors AT1 and AT2. Ang II significantly induced Ang2 mRNA accumulations without affecting Ang1 or Tie2 expression, which was inhibited by protein kinase C inhibitors and by intracellular Ca2+ chelating agents. Ang II transactivated EGFR via AT1, and inhibition of EGFR abolished the induction of Ang2. Ang II caused processing of proHB-EGF in a metalloproteinase-dependent manner to stimulate maturation and release of HB-EGF. Neutralizing antiHB-EGF antibody blocked EGFR phosphorylation by Ang II. Ang II also upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in an HB-EGF/EGFRdependent manner. AT2 inhibited AT1-mediated Ang2 expression and phosphorylation of EGFR. In an in vivo corneal assay, AT1 induced angiogenesis in an HB-EGFdependent manner and enhanced the angiogenic activity of VEGF. Although neither Ang2 nor Ang1 alone induced angiogenesis, soluble Tie2-Fc that binds to angiopoietins attenuated AT1-mediated angiogenesis. These findings suggested that (1) Ang II induces Ang2 and VEGF expression without affecting Ang1 or Tie2 and (2) AT1 stimulates processing of proHB-EGF by metalloproteinases, and the released HB-EGF transactivates EGFR to induce angiogenesis via the combined effect of Ang2 and VEGF, whereas AT2 attenuates them by blocking EGFR phosphorylation. Thus, Ang II is involved in the VEGF-Ang-Tie2 system via HB-EGFmediated EGFR transactivation, and this link should be considerable in pathological conditions in which collateral blood flow is required.
Key Words: angiotensin II angiopoietin angiogenesis vascular endothelial growth factor endothelial cell
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