© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Integrative Physiology |
Maternal Hypercholesterolemia Enhances Atherogenesis in Normocholesterolemic Rabbits, Which Is Inhibited by Antioxidant or Lipid-Lowering Intervention During Pregnancy
An Experimental Model of Atherogenic Mechanisms in Human Fetuses
From the Department of Medicine (C.N., J.L.W., F.C., W.P.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif, and Department of Medicine (C.N., F.d.N.), Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Correspondence to Wulf Palinski, MD, and Claudio Napoli, MD, Department of Medicine, 0682, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, MTF 110, La Jolla, CA 92093. E-mail wpalinski{at}ucsd.edu/cnapoli@ucsd.edu
Abstract—Maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy is associated with a marked increase in aortic fatty streak formation in human fetuses and faster progression of atherosclerosis during normocholesterolemic childhood. However, the mechanisms responsible are unknown, and the contribution of genetic differences is difficult to assess in humans. The goal of this study was to determine whether maternal hypercholesterolemia per se may cause enhanced fatty streak formation in offspring and whether interventions during pregnancy can reduce it. During pregnancy, 1 group of New Zealand White rabbits was fed control chow and 8 groups were fed hypercholesterolemic diets Chol 1 (yielding plasma cholesterol of 153 mg/dL) or Chol 2 (yielding 359 mg/dL) without or with cholestyramine, vitamin E, or both. Offspring (n=15 to 25 per group) were killed at birth. Maternal hypercholesterolemia enhanced mean lesion size in the aorta of their offspring at birth from 44±18x103 µm2 per section in controls to 85±26x103 in Chol 1 and 156±49x103 in Chol 2 groups (P<0.0001 for both). Cholestyramine or vitamin E treatment of mothers significantly reduced atherosclerosis at birth by up to 39% compared with controls on the same diet. Oxidized fatty acids and malondialdehyde in aortic atherosclerotic lesions and plasma were similarly affected by diets and treatment as atherosclerosis. Our results establish the causal role of hypercholesterolemia and peroxidation in fetal atherogenesis and demonstrate that both lipid-lowering and antioxidant interventions during pregnancy can reduce it. If it can be established that interventions in mothers also affect progression of lesions after birth, this may indicate a novel approach for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • cholestyramine • vitamin E • oxidation • prevention
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