© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Molecular Medicine |
Interleukin-1ß and Tumor Necrosis Factor-
Decrease Collagen Synthesis and Increase Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Cardiac Fibroblasts In Vitro
From the Myocardial Biology Unit, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, and Cardiovascular Division, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Wilson S. Colucci, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Boston University Medical Center, 88 East Newton St, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail wilson.colucci{at}bmc.org
Abstract—We tested the hypothesis
that the inflammatory cytokines can regulate fibroblast
extracellular matrix metabolism. Neonatal and adult rat
cardiac fibroblasts cultures in vitro were exposed to interleukin
(IL)–1ß (4 ng/mL), tumor necrosis factor-
(TNF-; 100 ng/mL),
IL-6 (10 ng/mL), or interferon-
(IFN-; 500 U/mL) for 24 hours.
IL-1ß, and to a lesser extent TNF-, decreased collagen synthesis,
which was measured as collagenase-sensitive
[3H]proline incorporation, but had no effect on cell
number or total protein synthesis. IL-1ß decreased the expression of
procollagen 1(I), 2(I), and 1(III)
mRNA, but increased the expression of procollagen 1(IV),
2(IV), and fibronectin mRNA, indicating a selective
transcriptional downregulation of fibrillar collagen synthesis. IL-1ß
and TNF- each increased total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)
activity as measured by in-gel zymography, causing specific increases
in the bands corresponding to MMP-13, MMP-2, and MMP-9. IL-1ß
increased the expression of proMMP-2 and proMMP-3 mRNA, suggesting that
increased metalloproteinase activity is due, at least in part, to
increased transcription. The effects of IL-1ß were not dependent on
NO production. Thus, IL-1ß and TNF- decrease collagen
synthesis and activate MMPs that degrade collagen. These
observations suggest that IL-1ß and TNF- may contribute to
ventricular dilation and myocardial failure by promoting
the remodeling of interstitial collagen.
Key Words: inflammatory cytokines • interleukin-1ß • tumor necrosis factor- • collagen • matrix metalloproteinase
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. D. Kandasamy, A. K. Chow, M. A.M. Ali, and R. Schulz Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and myocardial oxidative stress injury: beyond the matrix Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2010; 85(3): 413 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. Souders, S. L.K. Bowers, and T. A. Baudino Cardiac Fibroblast: The Renaissance Cell Circ. Res., December 4, 2009; 105(12): 1164 - 1176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. A. Turner, A. Das, P. Warburton, D. J. O'Regan, S. G. Ball, and K. E. Porter Interleukin-1{alpha} stimulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in human cardiac myofibroblasts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2009; 297(3): H1117 - H1127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hori and K. Nishida Oxidative stress and left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2009; 81(3): 457 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. M. Shaw, M. K.H. Shah, S. G. Williams, and J. E. Fildes Immunological mechanisms of pentoxifylline in chronic heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, February 1, 2009; 11(2): 113 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Zavadzkas, R. A. Plyler, S. Bouges, C. N. Koval, W. T. Rivers, C. U. Beck, E. I. Chang, R. E. Stroud, R. Mukherjee, and F. G. Spinale Cardiac-restricted overexpression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer causes myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in aging mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): H1394 - H1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. G. Spinale, C. N. Koval, A. M. Deschamps, R. E. Stroud, and J. S. Ikonomidis Dynamic Changes in Matrix Metalloprotienase Activity Within the Human Myocardial Interstitium During Myocardial Arrest and Reperfusion Circulation, September 30, 2008; 118(14_suppl_1): S16 - S23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Bujak, M. Dobaczewski, K. Chatila, L. H. Mendoza, N. Li, A. Reddy, and N. G. Frangogiannis Interleukin-1 Receptor Type I Signaling Critically Regulates Infarct Healing and Cardiac Remodeling Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2008; 173(1): 57 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. G. Spinale Myocardial Matrix Remodeling and the Matrix Metalloproteinases: Influence on Cardiac Form and Function Physiol Rev, October 1, 2007; 87(4): 1285 - 1342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. S. Spruill, A. S. Lowry, R. E. Stroud, C. E. Squires, I. M. Mains, E. C. Flack, C. Beck, J. S. Ikonomidis, A. J. Crumbley, P. J. McDermott, et al. Membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase transcription and translation in myocardial fibroblasts from patients with normal left ventricular function and from patients with cardiomyopathy Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): C1362 - C1373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Zhang, M.-X. Zhang, Y. H. Shen, J. K. Burks, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, S. A. LeMaire, K. Yoshimura, H. Aoki, J. S. Coselli, et al. TNF-{alpha} Suppresses Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase {alpha}1 Expression via the ASK1-JNK-NonO Pathway Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2007; 27(8): 1760 - 1767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. K. Meldrum, R. Misseri, P. Metcalfe, C. A. Dinarello, K. L. Hile, and D. R. Meldrum TNF-{alpha} neutralization ameliorates obstruction-induced renal fibrosis and dysfunction Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): R1456 - R1464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Goruppi, R. D. Patten, T. Force, and J. M. Kyriakis Helix-Loop-Helix Protein p8, a Transcriptional Regulator Required for Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Cardiac Fibroblast Matrix Metalloprotease Induction Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 2007; 27(3): 993 - 1006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. H. Mountain, M. Singh, B. Menon, and K. Singh Interleukin-1beta increases expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells: role of PKC{alpha}/beta1 and MAPKs Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): C867 - C875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. W. Cheng, K. Obata, M. Kuzuya, H. Izawa, K. Nakamura, E. Asai, T. Nagasaka, M. Saka, T. Kimata, A. Noda, et al. Elastolytic Cathepsin Induction/Activation System Exists in Myocardium and Is Upregulated in Hypertensive Heart Failure Hypertension, November 1, 2006; 48(5): 979 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rutschow, J. Li, H.-P. Schultheiss, and M. Pauschinger Myocardial proteases and matrix remodeling in inflammatory heart disease Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2006; 69(3): 646 - 656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.-Y. Wang, M. R. Bergman, A. P. Nguyen, S. Turcato, P. M. Swigart, M. C. Rodrigo, P. C. Simpson, J. S. Karliner, D. H. Lovett, and A. J. Baker Cardiac transgenic matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression directly induces impaired contractility Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2006; 69(3): 688 - 696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Trescher, O. Bernecker, B. Fellner, M. Gyongyosi, R. Schafer, S. Aharinejad, R. DeMartin, E. Wolner, and B. K. Podesser Inflammation and postinfarct remodeling: Overexpression of I{kappa}B prevents ventricular dilation via increasing TIMP levels Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2006; 69(3): 746 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Matsusaka, M. Ikeuchi, S. Matsushima, T. Ide, T. Kubota, A. M. Feldman, A. Takeshita, K. Sunagawa, and H. Tsutsui Selective disruption of MMP-2 gene exacerbates myocardial inflammation and dysfunction in mice with cytokine-induced cardiomyopathy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): H1858 - H1864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. Cowling, X. Zhang, V. C. Reese, M. Iwata, D. Gurantz, W. H. Dillmann, and B. H. Greenberg Effects of cytokine treatment on angiotensin II type 1A receptor transcription and splicing in rat cardiac fibroblasts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): H1176 - H1183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K. Rude, T.-A. S. Duhaney, G. M. Kuster, S. Judge, J. Heo, W. S. Colucci, D. A. Siwik, and F. Sam Aldosterone Stimulates Matrix Metalloproteinases and Reactive Oxygen Species in Adult Rat Ventricular Cardiomyocytes Hypertension, September 1, 2005; 46(3): 555 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ohtsuka, K. Inoue, Y. Hara, N. Morioka, K. Ohshima, J. Suzuki, A. Ogimoto, Y. Shigematsu, and J. Higaki Serum markers of angiogenesis and myocardial ultrasonic tissue characterization in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2005; 7(4): 689 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Becker Yin and Yang of MCP-1 Circ. Res., April 29, 2005; 96(8): 812 - 814. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.H. Schoneveld, M.M. Oude Nijhuis, B. van Middelaar, J.D. Laman, D.P.V. de Kleijn, and G. Pasterkamp Toll-like receptor 2 stimulation induces intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerotic lesion development Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2005; 66(1): 162 - 169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Banfi, V. Cavalca, F. Veglia, M. Brioschi, S. Barcella, L. Mussoni, L. Boccotti, E. Tremoli, P. Biglioli, and P. Agostoni Neurohormonal activation is associated with increased levels of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human heart failure Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2005; 26(5): 481 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Lalu, E. Pasini, C. J. Schulze, M. Ferrari-Vivaldi, G. Ferrari-Vivaldi, T. Bachetti, and R. Schulz Ischaemia-reperfusion injury activates matrix metalloproteinases in the human heart Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2005; 26(1): 27 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Kong, M. T. Longaker, and H. P. Lorenz Cyclophilin C-associated Protein Is a Mediator for Fibronectin Fragment-induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Expression J. Biol. Chem., December 31, 2004; 279(53): 55334 - 55340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Tazaki, K. Minoguchi, T. Yokoe, K. T. R. Samson, H. Minoguchi, A. Tanaka, Y. Watanabe, and M. Adachi Increased Levels and Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 15, 2004; 170(12): 1354 - 1359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Burton, R. L. Bailey, D. Jeffries, D. C. W. Mabey, and M. J. Holland Cytokine and Fibrogenic Gene Expression in the Conjunctivas of Subjects from a Gambian Community Where Trachoma Is Endemic Infect. Immun., December 1, 2004; 72(12): 7352 - 7356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V Bjerkeli, B Halvorsen, J K Damas, I Nordoy, A Yndestad, P Aukrust, and S S Froland Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis Ann Rheum Dis, December 1, 2004; 63(12): 1659 - 1663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. E. Porter, N. A. Turner, D. J. O'Regan, and S. G. Ball Tumor necrosis factor {alpha} induces human atrial myofibroblast proliferation, invasion and MMP-9 secretion: inhibition by simvastatin Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2004; 64(3): 507 - 515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sun, F. Dawood, W.-H. Wen, M. Chen, I. Dixon, L. A. Kirshenbaum, and P. P. Liu Excessive Tumor Necrosis Factor Activation After Infarction Contributes to Susceptibility of Myocardial Rupture and Left Ventricular Dysfunction Circulation, November 16, 2004; 110(20): 3221 - 3228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Meiners, B. Hocher, A. Weller, M. Laule, V. Stangl, C. Guenther, M. Godes, A. Mrozikiewicz, G. Baumann, and K. Stangl Downregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Collagens and Suppression of Cardiac Fibrosis by Inhibition of the Proteasome Hypertension, October 1, 2004; 44(4): 471 - 477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Xie, M. Singh, and K. Singh Differential Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 Expression and Activity in Adult Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts in Response to Interleukin-1{beta} J. Biol. Chem., September 17, 2004; 279(38): 39513 - 39519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Stawowy, C. Margeta, H. Kallisch, N. G Seidah, M. Chretien, E. Fleck, and K. Graf Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP/MMP-2 in cardiac fibroblasts by TGF-{beta}1 involves furin-convertase Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2004; 63(1): 87 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nian, P. Lee, N. Khaper, and P. Liu Inflammatory Cytokines and Postmyocardial Infarction Remodeling Circ. Res., June 25, 2004; 94(12): 1543 - 1553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. KJAeR Role of Extracellular Matrix in Adaptation of Tendon and Skeletal Muscle to Mechanical Loading Physiol Rev, April 1, 2004; 84(2): 649 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Xie, M. Singh, D. A. Siwik, W. L. Joyner, and K. Singh Osteopontin Inhibits Interleukin-1{beta}-stimulated Increases in Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Adult Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts: ROLE OF PROTEIN KINASE C-{zeta} J. Biol. Chem., December 5, 2003; 278(49): 48546 - 48552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B Jones, D. C Sane, and D. M Herrington Matrix metalloproteinases: A review of their structure and role in acute coronary syndrome Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2003; 59(4): 812 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Horstmann, P. Kalb, J. Koziol, H. Gardner, and S. Wagner Profiles of Matrix Metalloproteinases, Their Inhibitors, and Laminin in Stroke Patients: Influence of Different Therapies Stroke, September 1, 2003; 34(9): 2165 - 2170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Hayashidani, H. Tsutsui, M. Ikeuchi, T. Shiomi, H. Matsusaka, T. Kubota, K. Imanaka-Yoshida, T. Itoh, and A. Takeshita Targeted deletion of MMP-2 attenuates early LV rupture and late remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 7, 2003; 285(3): H1229 - H1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Wilson, S. L. Moainie, J. M. Baskin, A. S. Lowry, A. M. Deschamps, R. Mukherjee, T. S. Guy, M. G. St John-Sutton, J. H. Gorman III, L. H. Edmunds Jr, et al. Region- and Type-Specific Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Post-Myocardial Infarction Remodeling Circulation, June 10, 2003; 107(22): 2857 - 2863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Fernandez-Real and W. Ricart Insulin Resistance and Chronic Cardiovascular Inflammatory Syndrome Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2003; 24(3): 278 - 301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Kaufmann, A. Mueller, A. Voigt, H. D. Carl, A. Gursche, J. Zacher, G. Stein, and G. Hein Hydroxypyridinium collagen crosslinks in serum, urine, synovial fluid and synovial tissue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with osteoarthritis Rheumatology, February 1, 2003; 42(2): 314 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. K. Y. Siu, W. M. Lee, and C. Y. Cheng The Interplay of Collagen IV, Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}, Gelatinase B (Matrix Metalloprotease-9), and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteases-1 in the Basal Lamina Regulates Sertoli Cell-Tight Junction Dynamics in the Rat Testis Endocrinology, January 1, 2003; 144(1): 371 - 387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. F. Bronzwaer, C. Heymes, C. A. Visser, and W. J. Paulus Myocardial fibrosis blunts nitric oxide synthase-related preload reserve in human dilated cardiomyopathy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): H10 - H16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Peng, D. Gurantz, V. Tran, R. T. Cowling, and B. H. Greenberg Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}-Induced AT1 Receptor Upregulation Enhances Angiotensin II-Mediated Cardiac Fibroblast Responses That Favor Fibrosis Circ. Res., December 13, 2002; 91(12): 1119 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Tsuruda, G. Boerrigter, B. K. Huntley, J. A. Noser, A. Cataliotti, L. C. Costello-Boerrigter, H. H. Chen, and J. C. Burnett Jr Brain Natriuretic Peptide Is Produced in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Induces Matrix Metalloproteinases Circ. Res., December 13, 2002; 91(12): 1127 - 1134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Pauschinger, K. Chandrasekharan, J. Li, W. Poller, M. Noutsias, C. Tschope, and H.-P. Schultheiss Inflammation and extracellular matrix protein metabolism: two sides of myocardial remodelling Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2002; 4(suppl_I): I49 - I53. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Li, P. Lothar Schwimmbeck, C. Tschope, S. Leschka, L. Husmann, S. Rutschow, F. Reichenbach, M. Noutsias, U. Kobalz, W. Poller, et al. Collagen degradation in a murine myocarditis model: relevance of matrix metalloproteinase in association with inflammatory induction Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2002; 56(2): 235 - 247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Zaragoza, E. Soria, E. Lopez, D. Browning, M. Balbin, C. Lopez-Otin, and S. Lamas Activation of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2 by the Nitric Oxide-cGMP-cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Axis Regulates the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 in Vascular Endothelial Cells Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2002; 62(4): 927 - 935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Deten, H. C. Volz, W. Briest, and H.-G. Zimmer Cardiac cytokine expression is upregulated in the acute phase after myocardial infarction. Experimental studies in rats Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2002; 55(2): 329 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Falk, P.M. Soccal, J. Grunenfelder, G. Hoyt, T. Walther, and R.C. Robbins Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and effect of MMP-inhibition in heart transplant related reperfusion injury Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., July 1, 2002; 22(1): 53 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. S. Bradham, G. Moe, K. A. Wendt, A. A. Scott, A. Konig, M. Romanova, G. Naik, and F. G. Spinale TNF-alpha and myocardial matrix metalloproteinases in heart failure: relationship to LV remodeling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2002; 282(4): H1288 - H1295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. G. Spinale Matrix Metalloproteinases: Regulation and Dysregulation in the Failing Heart Circ. Res., March 22, 2002; 90(5): 520 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Werner, F. Kheradmand, R. R. Isberg, and Z. Werb Phagocytosis mediated by Yersinia invasin induces collagenase-1 expression in rabbit synovial fibroblasts through a proinflammatory cascade J. Cell Sci., March 11, 2002; 114(18): 3333 - 3343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. S. Bradham, B. Bozkurt, H. Gunasinghe, D. Mann, and F. G. Spinale Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and myocardial remodeling in progression of heart failure: a current perspective Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2002; 53(4): 822 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Hilfiker-Kleiner, A. Hilfiker, B. Schieffer, D. Engel, D. L Mann, K. C Wollert, and H. Drexler TNF{alpha} decreases {alpha}MHC expression by a NO mediated pathway: role of E-box transcription factors for cardiomyocyte specific gene regulation Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2002; 53(2): 460 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Marian On Genetics, Inflammation, and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm : Can Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Predict the Outcome? Circulation, May 8, 2001; 103(18): 2222 - 2224. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Palmieri, G. Benincasa, F. Di Rella, C. Casaburi, M. G. Monti, G. De Simone, L. Chiariotti, L. Palombini, C. B. Bruni, L. Sacca, et al. Differential expression of TNF-alpha , IL-6, and IGF-1 by graded mechanical stress in normal rat myocardium Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2002; 282(3): H926 - H934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|