© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Activated Protein Kinase C Isoforms Target to Cardiomyocyte Caveolae
Stimulation of Local Protein Phosphorylation
From the Departments of Pharmacology (V.O.R., X.X., S.F.S.) and Medicine (S.F.S.), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.
Correspondence to Susan F. Steinberg, MD, Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168 St, New York, NY 10032. E-mail SFS1{at}columbia.edu
Abstract—Protein kinase C (PKC)
isoforms constitute an important component of the signal transduction
pathway used by cardiomyocytes to respond to a variety of
extracellular stimuli. Translocation to distinct intracellular sites
represents an essential step in the activation of PKC isoforms,
presumably as a prerequisite for stable access to substrate. Caveolae
are specialized subdomains of the plasma membrane that are reported to
concentrate key signaling proteins and may represent a locus
for PKC action, given that PKC activators have been
reported to dramatically alter caveolae morphology. Accordingly, this
study examines whether PKC isoforms initiate signaling in
cardiomyocyte caveolae. Phorbol ester–sensitive PKC
isoforms were detected at very low levels in caveolae fractions
prepared from unstimulated cardiomyocytes; phorbol
12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (but not 4
-PMA, which does not
activate PKC) recruited calcium-sensitive PKC and novel
PKC
and PKC
to this compartment. The subcellular localization of
the phorbol ester–insensitive PKC
isoform was not influenced by
PMA. Endothelin also induced the selective translocation of PKC and
PKC (but not PKC or PKC) to caveolae. Multiple components of
the extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade,
including A-Raf, c-Raf-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase
kinase, and ERK, were detected in caveolae under resting
conditions. Although levels of these proteins were not altered by PMA,
translocation of phorbol ester–sensitive PKC isoforms to caveolae was
associated with the activation of a local ERK cascade as well as the
phosphorylation of a 
36-kDa substrate protein in
this fraction. Finally, a minor fraction of a protein that has been
designated as a receptor for activated protein kinase C resides
in caveolae and (along with caveolin-3) could represent a
mechanism to target PKC isoforms to cardiomyocyte caveolae.
These studies identify cardiomyocyte caveolae as a meeting
place for activated PKC isoforms and their downstream
target substrates.
Key Words: protein kinase C • caveolae • cardiomyocyte
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. B. White, M. I. Givogri, A. Lopez-Rosas, H. Cao, R. van Breemen, G. Thinakaran, and E. R. Bongarzone Psychosine Accumulates in Membrane Microdomains in the Brain of Krabbe Patients, Disrupting the Raft Architecture J. Neurosci., May 13, 2009; 29(19): 6068 - 6077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. N. White, G. A. Figtree, C.-C. Liu, A. Garcia, E. J. Hamilton, K. K. M. Chia, and H. H. Rasmussen Angiotensin II inhibits the Na+-K+ pump via PKC-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): C693 - C700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Guo, Z. Gertsberg, N. Ozgen, and S. F. Steinberg p66Shc Links {alpha}1-Adrenergic Receptors to a Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent AKT-FOXO3A Phosphorylation Pathway in Cardiomyocytes Circ. Res., March 13, 2009; 104(5): 660 - 669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. P. Nelson, J. M. Willets, N. W. Davies, R. A. J. Challiss, and N. B. Standen Visualizing the temporal effects of vasoconstrictors on PKC translocation and Ca2+ signaling in single resistance arterial smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2008; 295(6): C1590 - C1601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Wright, Q. Chen, N. L. Baye, Y. Huang, C. L. Healy, S. Kasinathan, and T. D. O'Connell Nuclear {alpha}1-Adrenergic Receptors Signal Activated ERK Localization to Caveolae in Adult Cardiac Myocytes Circ. Res., October 24, 2008; 103(9): 992 - 1000. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. F. Steinberg Structural Basis of Protein Kinase C Isoform Function Physiol Rev, October 1, 2008; 88(4): 1341 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Davis, M. V. Westfall, D. Townsend, M. Blankinship, T. J. Herron, G. Guerrero-Serna, W. Wang, E. Devaney, and J. M. Metzger Designing Heart Performance by Gene Transfer Physiol Rev, October 1, 2008; 88(4): 1567 - 1651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. O. Rybin, J. Guo, Z. Gertsberg, S. J. Feinmark, and S. F. Steinberg Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate-dependent Protein Kinase C{delta}-Tyr311 Phosphorylation in Cardiomyocyte Caveolae J. Biol. Chem., June 27, 2008; 283(26): 17777 - 17788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Matthews, A. Berry, V. Ohanian, J. Ohanian, H. Garside, and D. Ray Caveolin Mediates Rapid Glucocorticoid Effects and Couples Glucocorticoid Action to the Antiproliferative Program Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2008; 22(6): 1320 - 1330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Tourkina, M. Richard, P. Gooz, M. Bonner, J. Pannu, R. Harley, P. N. Bernatchez, W. C. Sessa, R. M. Silver, and S. Hoffman Antifibrotic properties of caveolin-1 scaffolding domain in vitro and in vivo Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): L843 - L861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. A. Palygin, J. M. Pettus, and E. F. Shibata Regulation of caveolar cardiac sodium current by a single Gs{alpha} histidine residue Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): H1693 - H1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Vicente, N. Villalonga, M. Calvo, A. Escalada, C. Solsona, C. Soler, M. M. Tamkun, and A. Felipe Kv1.5 Association Modifies Kv1.3 Traffic and Membrane Localization J. Biol. Chem., March 28, 2008; 283(13): 8756 - 8764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. J. Mohler and X. H. T. Wehrens Mechanisms of Human Arrhythmia Syndromes: Abnormal Cardiac Macromolecular Interactions Physiology, October 1, 2007; 22(5): 342 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. J. Sampson, L. M. Davies, R. Barrett-Jolley, N. B. Standen, and C. Dart Angiotensin II-activated protein kinase C targets caveolae to inhibit aortic ATP-sensitive potassium channels Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2007; 76(1): 61 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. P. Cabral, M. Wengert, A. A. A. da Ressurreicao, P. H. P. Feres-Elias, F. G. Almeida, A. Vieyra, C. Caruso-Neves, and M. Einicker-Lamas Ceramide Is a Potent Activator of Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase from Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells with Protein Kinase A as an Intermediate J. Biol. Chem., August 24, 2007; 282(34): 24599 - 24606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Somara, R. R. Gilmont, J. R. Martens, and K. N. Bitar Ectopic expression of caveolin-1 restores physiological contractile response of aged colonic smooth muscle Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): G240 - G249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ballard-Croft, A. C. Locklar, G. Kristo, and R. D. Lasley Regional myocardial ischemia-induced activation of MAPKs is associated with subcellular redistribution of caveolin and cholesterol Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): H658 - H667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. C. Balijepalli, J. D. Foell, D. D. Hall, J. W. Hell, and T. J. Kamp From the Cover: Localization of cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels to a caveolar macromolecular signaling complex is required for beta2-adrenergic regulation PNAS, May 9, 2006; 103(19): 7500 - 7505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Lanzafame, L. Turnbull, F. Amiramahdi, J. F. Arthur, H. Huynh, and E. A. Woodcock Inositol phospholipids localized to caveolae in rat heart are regulated by {alpha}1-adrenergic receptors and by ischemia-reperfusion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): H2059 - H2065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mukherjee, M. Tessema, and A. Wandinger-Ness Vesicular Trafficking of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors and Associated Proteins in the Regulation of Signaling and Vascular Function Circ. Res., March 31, 2006; 98(6): 743 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Veluthakal, I. Chvyrkova, M. Tannous, P. McDonald, R. Amin, T. Hadden, D. C. Thurmond, M. J. Quon, and A. Kowluru Essential Role for Membrane Lipid Rafts in Interleukin-1{beta}-Induced Nitric Oxide Release From Insulin-Secreting Cells: Potential Regulation by Caveolin-1+ Diabetes, September 1, 2005; 54(9): 2576 - 2585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Capozza, T. P. Combs, A. W. Cohen, Y.-R. Cho, S.-Y. Park, W. Schubert, T. M. Williams, D. L. Brasaemle, L. A. Jelicks, P. E. Scherer, et al. Caveolin-3 knockout mice show increased adiposity and whole body insulin resistance, with ligand-induced insulin receptor instability in skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): C1317 - C1331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Reid, G. Kristo, Y. Yoshimura, C. Ballard-Croft, B. J. Keith, R. M. Mentzer Jr, and R. D. Lasley In vivo adenosine receptor preconditioning reduces myocardial infarct size via subcellular ERK signaling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): H2253 - H2259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Tourkina, P. Gooz, J. Pannu, M. Bonner, D. Scholz, S. Hacker, R. M. Silver, M. Trojanowska, and S. Hoffman Opposing Effects of Protein Kinase C{alpha} and Protein Kinase C{epsilon} on Collagen Expression by Human Lung Fibroblasts Are Mediated via MEK/ERK and Caveolin-1 Signaling J. Biol. Chem., April 8, 2005; 280(14): 13879 - 13887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Bellott, K. C. Patel, and T. J. Burkholder Reduction of caveolin-3 expression does not inhibit stretch-induced phosphorylation of ERK2 in skeletal muscle myotubes J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2005; 98(4): 1554 - 1561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M. Williams and M. P. Lisanti Caveolin-1 in oncogenic transformation, cancer, and metastasis Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): C494 - C506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Monastyrskaya, A. Hostettler, S. Buergi, and A. Draeger The NK1 Receptor Localizes to the Plasma Membrane Microdomains, and Its Activation Is Dependent on Lipid Raft Integrity J. Biol. Chem., February 25, 2005; 280(8): 7135 - 7146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. Cohen, R. Hnasko, W. Schubert, and M. P. Lisanti Role of Caveolae and Caveolins in Health and Disease Physiol Rev, October 1, 2004; 84(4): 1341 - 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Miyazaki, S. Komatsu, M. Ikebe, R. A. Fenton, and J. G. Dobson Jr. Protein kinase C{epsilon} and the antiadrenergic action of adenosine in rat ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2004; 287(4): H1721 - H1729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. D Russell and P. Molenaar Investigation of signaling pathways that mediate the inotropic effect of urotensin-II in human heart Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2004; 63(4): 673 - 681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. N Petrashevskaya, I. Bodi, S. E Koch, S. A Akhter, and A. Schwartz Effects of {alpha}1-adrenergic stimulation on normal and hypertrophied mouse hearts. Relation to caveolin-3 expression Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2004; 63(3): 561 - 572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Ding, D. Schwartz, P. Posner, and J. Zhong Hypotonic swelling stimulates L-type Ca2+ channel activity in vascular smooth muscle cells through PKC Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): C413 - C421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-P. Gratton, P. Bernatchez, and W. C. Sessa Caveolae and Caveolins in the Cardiovascular System Circ. Res., June 11, 2004; 94(11): 1408 - 1417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. I. Zharikov, K. Y. Krotova, L. Belayev, and E. R. Block Pertussis toxin activates L-arginine uptake in pulmonary endothelial cells through downregulation of PKC-{alpha} activity Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2004; 286(5): L974 - L983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. O. Rybin, J. Guo, A. Sabri, H. Elouardighi, E. Schaefer, and S. F. Steinberg Stimulus-specific Differences in Protein Kinase C{delta} Localization and Activation Mechanisms in Cardiomyocytes J. Biol. Chem., April 30, 2004; 279(18): 19350 - 19361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Robin, I. Boulven, C. Bole-Feysot, Z. Tanfin, and D. Leiber Contribution of PKC-dependent and -independent processes in temporal ERK regulation by ET-1, PDGF, and EGF in rat myometrial cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): C798 - C806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Buhagiar, P. S. Hansen, B. Y. Kong, R. J. Clarke, C. Fernandes, and H. H. Rasmussen Dietary cholesterol alters Na+/K+ selectivity at intracellular Na+/K+ pump sites in cardiac myocytes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): C398 - C405. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Ping A new chapter in cardiac PKC signaling studies: searching for isoform-specific molecular targets. Focus on: "Isoenzyme-selective regulation of SERCA2 gene expression by protein kinase C in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes" Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2003; 285(1): C19 - C21. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. O. Rybin, P. W. Grabham, H. Elouardighi, and S. F. Steinberg Caveolae-associated proteins in cardiomyocytes: caveolin-2 expression and interactions with caveolin-3 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H325 - H332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. O. Rybin, E. Pak, S. Alcott, and S. F. Steinberg Developmental Changes in {beta}2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Ventricular Myocytes: the Role of Gi proteins and Caveolae Microdomains Mol. Pharmacol., June 1, 2003; 63(6): 1338 - 1348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Liu, K. Mohammadi, B. Aynafshar, H. Wang, D. Li, J. Liu, A. V. Ivanov, Z. Xie, and A. Askari Role of caveolae in signal-transducing function of cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): C1550 - C1560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Y. Krotova, S. I. Zharikov, and E. R. Block Classical isoforms of PKC as regulators of CAT-1 transporter activity in pulmonary artery endothelial cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): L1037 - L1044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Shimoni and X.-F. Liu Role of PKC in autocrine regulation of rat ventricular K+ currents by angiotensin and endothelin Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284 (4): H1168 - H1181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hua, S. Munk, and C. I. Whiteside Endothelin-1 activates mesangial cell ERK1/2 via EGF-receptor transactivation and caveolin-1 interaction Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): F303 - F312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Sukumaran, M. J. Quon, and N. V. Prasadarao Escherichia coli K1 Internalization via Caveolae Requires Caveolin-1 and Protein Kinase Calpha Interaction in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., December 20, 2002; 277(52): 50716 - 50724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhong, G.-X. Wang, W. J. Hatton, I. A. Yamboliev, M. P. Walsh, and J. R. Hume Regulation of volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channels in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells by PKC Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): C1627 - C1636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Woodman, D. S. Park, A. W. Cohen, M. W.-C. Cheung, M. Chandra, J. Shirani, B. Tang, L. A. Jelicks, R. N. Kitsis, G. J. Christ, et al. Caveolin-3 Knock-out Mice Develop a Progressive Cardiomyopathy and Show Hyperactivation of the p42/44 MAPK Cascade J. Biol. Chem., October 4, 2002; 277(41): 38988 - 38997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Razani, S. E. Woodman, and M. P. Lisanti Caveolae: From Cell Biology to Animal Physiology Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 2002; 54(3): 431 - 467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Junoy, H. Maccario, J.-L. Mas, A. Enjalbert, and S. V. Drouva Proteasome Implication in Phorbol Ester- and GnRH-Induced Selective Down-Regulation of PKC ({alpha}, {epsilon}, {zeta}) in {alpha}T3-1 and L{beta}T2 Gonadotrope Cell Lines Endocrinology, April 1, 2002; 143(4): 1386 - 1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Wu, T. L. Foreman, C. W. Gregory, M. A. McJilton, G. G. Wescott, O. H. Ford, R. F. Alvey, J. L. Mohler, and D. M. Terrian Protein Kinase C{epsilon} Has the Potential to Advance the Recurrence of Human Prostate Cancer Cancer Res., April 1, 2002; 62(8): 2423 - 2429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. L. Yarbrough, T. Lu, H.-C. Lee, and E. F. Shibata Localization of Cardiac Sodium Channels in Caveolin-Rich Membrane Domains: Regulation of Sodium Current Amplitude Circ. Res., March 8, 2002; 90(4): 443 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Ostrom, C. Gregorian, R. M. Drenan, Y. Xiang, J. W. Regan, and P. A. Insel Receptor Number and Caveolar Co-localization Determine Receptor Coupling Efficiency to Adenylyl Cyclase J. Biol. Chem., November 2, 2001; 276(45): 42063 - 42069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Song, C. M. Hanson, V. Tsai, O. C. Farokhzad, M. Lotz, and J. B. Matthews Regulation of epithelial transport and barrier function by distinct protein kinase C isoforms Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2001; 281(2): C649 - C661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M. Vondriska, J. B. Klein, and P. Ping Use of functional proteomics to investigate PKC{epsilon}-mediated cardioprotection: the signaling module hypothesis Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2001; 280(4): H1434 - H1441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. van Meer Caveolin, Cholesterol, and Lipid Droplets? J. Cell Biol., March 5, 2001; 152(5): F29 - F34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Szalay, P. Bruno, R. Bhati, J. Adjodha, D. Schueler, V. Summerville, and R. Vazeos Associations of PKC Isoforms with the Cytoskeleton of B16F10 Melanoma Cells J. Histochem. Cytochem., January 1, 2001; 49(1): 49 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. D. Doyle, G. Goings, J. Upshaw-Earley, S. K. Ambler, A. Mondul, H. C. Palfrey, and E. Page Dystrophin Associates With Caveolae of Rat Cardiac Myocytes : Relationship to Dystroglycan Circ. Res., September 15, 2000; 87(6): 480 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Hare, R. A. Lofthouse, G. J. Juang, L. Colman, K. M. Ricker, B. Kim, H. Senzaki, S. Cao, R. S. Tunin, and D. A. Kass Contribution of Caveolin Protein Abundance to Augmented Nitric Oxide Signaling in Conscious Dogs With Pacing-Induced Heart Failure Circ. Res., May 26, 2000; 86(10): 1085 - 1092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Ostrom, J. D. Violin, S. Coleman, and P. A. Insel Selective Enhancement of beta -Adrenergic Receptor Signaling by Overexpression of Adenylyl Cyclase Type 6: Colocalization of Receptor and Adenylyl Cyclase in Caveolae of Cardiac Myocytes Mol. Pharmacol., May 1, 2000; 57(5): 1075 - 1079. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Lasley, P. Narayan, A. Uittenbogaard, and E. J. Smart Activated Cardiac Adenosine A1 Receptors Translocate Out of Caveolae J. Biol. Chem., February 11, 2000; 275(6): 4417 - 4421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Ostrom and P. A. Insel Caveolar Microdomains of the Sarcolemma : Compartmentation of Signaling Molecules Comes of Age Circ. Res., May 14, 1999; 84(9): 1110 - 1112. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. O. Rybin, X. Xu, M. P. Lisanti, and S. F. Steinberg Differential Targeting of beta -Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes and Adenylyl Cyclase to Cardiomyocyte Caveolae. A MECHANISM TO FUNCTIONALLY REGULATE THE cAMP SIGNALING PATHWAY J. Biol. Chem., December 22, 2000; 275(52): 41447 - 41457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. L. Yarbrough, T. Lu, H.-C. Lee, and E. F. Shibata Localization of Cardiac Sodium Channels in Caveolin-Rich Membrane Domains: Regulation of Sodium Current Amplitude Circ. Res., March 8, 2002; 90(4): 443 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|