© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
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Opioid-Induced Second Window of Cardioprotection
Potential Role of Mitochondrial KATP Channels
From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis.
Correspondence to Garrett J. Gross, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wis. E-mail ggross{at}post.its.mcw.edu
Abstract—Opioids have
been previously shown to confer short-term cardioprotection against a
prolonged ischemic insult. Therefore, the present study was
designed to determine whether opioids can induce a delayed or "second
window" of cardioprotection and to assess the potential involvement
of the mitochondrial KATP channel. All rats were subjected
to 30 minutes of ischemia and 2 hours of reperfusion (I/R).
Control animals, injected with saline 24 hours before I/R, elicited an
infarct size/area at risk (IS/AAR) of 62.9±3.4. TAN-67, a 
1-opioid
receptor agonist, was administered 10 or 30 mg/kg IP 12, 24, 48, or 72
hours before I/R. TAN-67 (10 mg/kg) 12- or 24-hour pretreatment did not
significantly reduce IS/AAR (62.1±6.3 and 43.3±7.3, respectively).
Similarly, 12-hour pretreatment with TAN-67 (30 mg/kg) did not reduce
IS/AAR (60.0±5.6); however, 24-hour pretreatment significantly reduced
IS/AAR (34.5±5.9). Forty-eight–hour pretreatment with TAN-67
maximally reduced IS/AAR (29.2±7.0), and opioid-induced
cardioprotection was lost after 72-hour pretreatment (61.7±3.8).
TAN-67–induced cardioprotection could be abolished by pretreatment
with the selective 1-opioid receptor
antagonist 7-benzylidenenaltrexone, BNTX, administered
either 30 minutes before TAN-67 given 48 hours before I/R or 10 minutes
before I/R in rats previously treated for 48 hours with TAN-67
(59.6±3.1 and 58.7±3.5, respectively). The involvement of the
KATP channel was investigated with 2
inhibitors: glibenclamide, a nonselective KATP
channel inhibitor, and 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, selective
for the mitochondrial KATP channel in rabbits.
Glibenclamide, administered 30 minutes before I/R in 48-hour
TAN-67–pretreated rats, completely abolished cardioprotection
(60.4±3.2). Similarly, 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, administered 5 minutes
before I/R in rats pretreated 48 hours previously with TAN-67,
completely abolished cardioprotection (57.8±2.5). These results
suggest that 1-opioid receptor stimulation, 24 to 48
hours before an ischemic insult, produces a delayed
cardioprotective effect that is possibly the result of mitochondrial
KATP channel activation.
Key Words: quinolines • cardioprotection • mitochondria • receptors, opioid
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