© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Embryonic Endothelial Cells Transdifferentiate Into Mesenchymal Cells Expressing Smooth Muscle Actins In Vivo and In Vitro
From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology (M.C.D., R.E.P., J.C.V., A.C.G.-de G.), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands, and the Department of Cell Biology (V.M., R.R.M.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
Correspondence to M.C. DeRuiter, PhD, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 62, PO Box 9602, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. E-mail RUITER{at}RULLF2.leidenuniv.nl
Abstract All blood vessels are lined by endothelium and,
except for the capillaries, surrounded by one or more layers of smooth
muscle cells. The origin of the embryonic vascular smooth muscle cell
has until now been described from neural crest and locally
differentiating mesenchyme. In this study, we have substantial evidence
that quail embryonic endothelial cells are competent in the dorsal
aorta of the embryo to transdifferentiate into subendothelial
mesenchymal cells expressing smooth muscle actins in vivo. At the onset
of smooth muscle cell differentiation, QH1-positive endothelial cells
were experimentally labeled with a wheat germ agglutinin–colloidal
gold marker (WGA-Au). No labeled subendothelial cells were observed at
this time. However, 19 hours after the endothelial cells had
endocytosed, the WGA-Au–labeled subendothelial mesenchymal cells were
observed in the aortic wall. Similarly, during the same time period,
subendothelial cells that coexpressed the QH1 endothelial marker and a
mesenchymal marker, 
-smooth muscle actin, were present. In such
cells, QH1 expression was reduced to a cell membrane localization. A
similar antigen switch was also observed during endocardial-mesenchymal
transformation in vitro. Our results are the first direct in vivo
evidence that embryonic endothelial cells may transdifferentiate into
candidate vascular smooth muscle cells. These data arouse new
interpretations of the origin and differentiation of the cells of the
vascular wall in normal and diseased vessels.
Key Words: -smooth muscle actin • endothelial cell • embryo • smooth muscle cell • vessel wall
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