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(Circulation Research. 1997;80:45-51.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.

Articles

p22phox mRNA Expression and NADPH Oxidase Activity Are Increased in Aortas From Hypertensive Rats

Toshiki Fukui, Nobukazu Ishizaka, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Jørn Bech Laursen, Quinn Capers, IV, W. Robert Taylor, David G. Harrison, Hector de Leon, Josiah N. Wilcox, Kathy K. Griendling

the Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiology (T.F., N.I., S.R., J.B.L., Q.C. IV, W.R.T., D.G.H., K.K.G.) and Hematology/Oncology (H. de L., J.N.W.), Emory University; The Atlanta Veteran's Affairs Medical Center (W.R.T., D.G.H.), Atlanta, Ga; and Medical Department B (J.B.L.), National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Correspondence to Kathy K. Griendling, PhD, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Dr, 319 Woodruff Memorial Building, Atlanta, Ga 30322. E-mail kgriend@emory.edu

Recent studies suggest that superoxide production by the NADPH/NADH oxidase may be involved in smooth muscle cell growth and the pathogenesis of hypertension. We previously showed that angiotensin II (Ang II) activates a p22phox-based NADPH/NADH oxidase in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells and in animals made hypertensive by infusion of Ang II. To investigate the mechanism responsible for this increased oxidase activity, we examined p22phox mRNA expression in rats made hypertensive by implanting an osmotic minipump that delivered Ang II (0.7 mg/kg per day). Blood pressure began to increase 3 days after the start of Ang II infusion and remained elevated for up to 14 days. Expression of p22phox mRNA in aorta was also increased after 3 days and reached a maximum increase of 338±41% by 5 days after pump implantation compared with the value after sham operation. This increase in mRNA expression was accompanied by an increase in the content of the corresponding cytochrome (twofold) and NADPH oxidase activity (179±11% of that in sham-operated rats 5 days after pump implantation). Treatment with the antihypertensive agents losartan (25 mg/kg per day) or hydralazine (15 mg/kg per day) inhibited this upregulation of mRNA levels and activity. Furthermore, infusion of recombinant heparin-binding superoxide dismutase decreased both blood pressure and p22phox mRNA expression. In situ hybridization of aortic tissue showed that p22phox mRNA was expressed in medial smooth muscle as well as in the adventitia. These findings suggest that Ang II–induced hypertension activates the NADPH/NADH oxidase system by upregulating mRNA levels of one or several components of this oxidase system, including the p22phox, and that the NADPH/NADH oxidase system is associated with the pathology of hypertension in vivo.

Key Words: NADPH oxidase • p22phox • hypertension • angiotensin II • muscle, smooth, vascular

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				S. Wassmann, U. Laufs, K. Muller, C. Konkol, K. Ahlbory, A. T. Baumer, W. Linz, M. Bohm, and G. Nickenig Cellular Antioxidant Effects of Atorvastatin In Vitro and In Vivo Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2002; 22(2): 300 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. K. Kim, M.-S. Lee, S. M. Son, I. J. Kim, W. S. Lee, B. Y. Rhim, K. W. Hong, and C. D. Kim Vascular NADH Oxidase Is Involved in Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in OLETF Rats, a Model of Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, February 1, 2002; 51(2): 522 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Szocs, B. Lassegue, D. Sorescu, L. L. Hilenski, L. Valppu, T. L. Couse, J. N. Wilcox, M. T. Quinn, J.D. Lambeth, and K. K. Griendling Upregulation of Nox-Based NAD(P)H Oxidases in Restenosis After Carotid Injury Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2002; 22(1): 21 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Ishizaka, T. Aizawa, M. Ohno, S.-i. Usui, I. Mori, S.-S. Tang, J. R. Ingelfinger, S. Kimura, and R. Nagai Regulation and Localization of HSP70 and HSP25 in the Kidney of Rats Undergoing Long-Term Administration of Angiotensin II Hypertension, January 1, 2002; 39(1): 122 - 128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Zalba, G. S. Jose, M. U. Moreno, M. A. Fortuno, A. Fortuno, F. J. Beaumont, and J. Diez Oxidative Stress in Arterial Hypertension: Role of NAD(P)H Oxidase Hypertension, December 1, 2001; 38(6): 1395 - 1399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Beswick, A. M. Dorrance, R. Leite, and R. C. Webb NADH/NADPH Oxidase and Enhanced Superoxide Production in the Mineralocorticoid Hypertensive Rat Hypertension, November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1107 - 1111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Silacci, A. Desgeorges, L. Mazzolai, C. Chambaz, and D. Hayoz Flow Pulsatility Is a Critical Determinant of Oxidative Stress in Endothelial Cells Hypertension, November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1162 - 1166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C. Lavigne, H. L. Malech, S. M. Holland, and T. L. Leto Genetic Demonstration of p47phox-Dependent Superoxide Anion Production in Murine Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circulation, July 3, 2001; 104(1): 79 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. C. Berk Vascular Smooth Muscle Growth: Autocrine Growth Mechanisms Physiol Rev, July 1, 2001; 81(3): 999 - 1030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Wassmann, U. Laufs, A. T. Baumer, K. Muller, K. Ahlbory, W. Linz, G. Itter, R. Rosen, M. Bohm, and G. Nickenig HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Improve Endothelial Dysfunction in Normocholesterolemic Hypertension via Reduced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species Hypertension, June 1, 2001; 37(6): 1450 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Shi, R. Niculescu, D. Wang, S. Patel, K. L. Davenpeck, and A. Zalewski Increased NAD(P)H Oxidase and Reactive Oxygen Species in Coronary Arteries After Balloon Injury Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2001; 21(5): 739 - 745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Zalba, G. S. Jose, F. J. Beaumont, M. A. Fortuno, A. Fortuno, and J. Diez Polymorphisms and Promoter Overactivity of the p22phox Gene in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells From Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Circ. Res., February 2, 2001; 88(2): 217 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. E. J. West, T. J. Guzik, E. Black, and K. M. Channon Enhanced Superoxide Production in Experimental Venous Bypass Graft Intimal Hyperplasia : Role of NAD(P)H Oxidase Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2001; 21(2): 189 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. P. Souza, F. R. M. Laurindo, R. C. Ziegelstein, C. O. Berlowitz, and J. L. Zweier Vascular NAD(P)H oxidase is distinct from the phagocytic enzyme and modulates vascular reactivity control Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2001; 280(2): H658 - H667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Nishiyama, T. Fukui, Y. Fujisawa, M. Rahman, R.-X. Tian, S. Kimura, and Y. Abe Systemic and Regional Hemodynamic Responses to Tempol in Angiotensin II-Infused Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, January 1, 2001; 37(1): 77 - 83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. J. Thannickal and B. L. Fanburg Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): L1005 - L1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Cai and D. G. Harrison Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Role of Oxidant Stress Circ. Res., November 10, 2000; 87(10): 840 - 844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Cifuentes, F. E. Rey, O. A. Carretero, and P. J. Pagano Upregulation of p67phox and gp91phox in aortas from angiotensin II-infused mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): H2234 - H2240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. K. Griendling, D. Sorescu, B. Lassegue, and M. Ushio-Fukai Modulation of Protein Kinase Activity and Gene Expression by Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Role in Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2000; 20(10): 2175 - 2183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Bush, N. Maeda, W. A. Kuziel, T. C. Dawson, J. N. Wilcox, H. DeLeon, and W. R. Taylor CC Chemokine Receptor 2 Is Required for Macrophage Infiltration and Vascular Hypertrophy in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension Hypertension, September 1, 2000; 36(3): 360 - 363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Channon, H. Qian, and S. E. George Nitric Oxide Synthase in Atherosclerosis and Vascular Injury : Insights From Experimental Gene Therapy Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2000; 20(8): 1873 - 1881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Pagano Vascular gp91phox : Beyond the Endothelium Circ. Res., July 7, 2000; 87(1): 1 - 3. [Full Text] [PDF]