© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Identification of Distinct Luminal Domains for Macromolecules, Erythrocytes, and Leukocytes Within Mammalian Capillaries
the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville.
Correspondence to Brian R. Duling, PhD, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Jordan Hall, Box 449, Charlottesville, VA 22908. E-mail brd@dayhoff.med.virginia.edu.
A thick endothelial surface coat consisting of the glycocalyx and associated plasma proteins has been hypothesized to reduce functional capillary volume available for flowing plasma macromolecules and blood cells. The purpose of this study was to compare anatomic and functional capillary diameters available for macromolecules, RBCs, and WBCs in hamster cremaster muscle capillaries. Bright-field and fluorescence microscopy provided similar estimates (mean±SE) of the anatomic capillary diameter: 5.1±0.1 µm (bright field, 39 capillaries in 10 animals) and 5.1±0.2 µm (membrane dye PKH26, 18 capillaries in 2 animals). Estimates of functional diameters were obtained by measuring the width of RBCs and WBCs and the intracapillary distribution of systemically injected fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran 70. WBCs (5.1±0.2 µm) fully occupied the anatomic capillary cross section. In contrast, the widths of RBCs (3.9±0.2 µm, 21 capillaries in 8 animals) and FITC-dextran (4.3±0.2 µm, 21 capillaries in 8 animals) were significantly smaller than the anatomic capillary diameter. Continuous (1- to 5-minute) excitation of fluorochromes in the capillary lumen (light-dye treatment) increased the width of RBCs passing the treated site from 3.6±0.3 to 4.4±0.3 µm (6 capillaries in 4 animals) and the width of the FITC-dextran column from 4.1±0.2 to 4.6±0.3 µm (10 capillaries in 7 animals). Furthermore, light-dye treatment increased capillary tube hematocrit by 60% in 40-µm-long capillary segments compared with untreated sites in the same capillaries. It is concluded that the wall of skeletal muscle capillaries is decorated with a 0.4- to 0.5-µm-thick endothelial surface coat, which may represent the true active interface between blood and the capillary wall.
Key Words: hamster cremaster muscle • functional capillary diameter • anatomic capillary diameter • bright-field microscopy • fluorescence microscopy
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  D. Chappell, M. Jacob, O. Paul, M. Rehm, U. Welsch, M. Stoeckelhuber, P. Conzen, and B. F. Becker The Glycocalyx of the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell: An Impressive Structure Ex Vivo but Not in Culture Circ. Res., June 5, 2009; 104(11): 1313 - 1317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C. Meuwese, H. L. Mooij, M. Nieuwdorp, B. van Lith, R. Marck, H. Vink, J. J. P. Kastelein, and E. S. G. Stroes Partial recovery of the endothelial glycocalyx upon rosuvastatin therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2009; 50(1): 148 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Jeansson, K. Bjorck, O. Tenstad, and B. Haraldsson Adriamycin Alters Glomerular Endothelium to Induce Proteinuria J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2009; 20(1): 114 - 122. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. F. Flessner Distributed model of peritoneal transport: implications of the endothelial glycocalyx Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., July 1, 2008; 23(7): 2142 - 2146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.I.M. Noble, A.J. Drake-Holland, and H. Vink Hypothesis: arterial glycocalyx dysfunction is the first step in the atherothrombotic process QJM, July 1, 2008; 101(7): 513 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. W. G. E. VanTeeffelen, A. A. Constantinescu, J. Brands, J. A. E. Spaan, and H. Vink Bradykinin- and sodium nitroprusside-induced increases in capillary tube haematocrit in mouse cremaster muscle are associated with impaired glycocalyx barrier properties J. Physiol., July 1, 2008; 586(13): 3207 - 3218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Potter and E. R. Damiano The Hydrodynamically Relevant Endothelial Cell Glycocalyx Observed In Vivo Is Absent In Vitro Circ. Res., April 11, 2008; 102(7): 770 - 776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Haraldsson, J. Nystrom, and W. M. Deen Properties of the Glomerular Barrier and Mechanisms of Proteinuria Physiol Rev, April 1, 2008; 88(2): 451 - 487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Nieuwdorp, M. C. Meuwese, H. L. Mooij, C. Ince, L. N. Broekhuizen, J. J. P. Kastelein, E. S. G. Stroes, and H. Vink Measuring endothelial glycocalyx dimensions in humans: a potential novel tool to monitor vascular vulnerability J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2008; 104(3): 845 - 852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Van Teeffelen, H. Vink, B. T. Ameredes, A. M. Jones, S. Egginton, L. F. Ferreira, G. W. Schmid-Schoenbein, W. L. Murfee, S. S. Segal, K. Tyml, et al. J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2008; 104(3): 895 - 899. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Singh, S. C. Satchell, C. R. Neal, E. A. McKenzie, J. E. Tooke, and P. W. Mathieson Glomerular Endothelial Glycocalyx Constitutes a Barrier to Protein Permeability J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2007; 18(11): 2885 - 2893. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rehm, D. Bruegger, F. Christ, P. Conzen, M. Thiel, M. Jacob, D. Chappell, M. Stoeckelhuber, U. Welsch, B. Reichart, et al. Shedding of the Endothelial Glycocalyx in Patients Undergoing Major Vascular Surgery With Global and Regional Ischemia Circulation, October 23, 2007; 116(17): 1896 - 1906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Koldkjaer and M. Berenbrink In vivo red blood cell sickling and mechanism of recovery in whiting, Merlangius merlangus J. Exp. Biol., October 1, 2007; 210(19): 3451 - 3460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Kim, R. L. Kong, A. S. Popel, M. Intaglietta, and P. C. Johnson Temporal and spatial variations of cell-free layer width in arterioles Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1526 - H1535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. P. Stevens, V. Hlady, and R. O. Dull Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy can probe albumin dynamics inside lung endothelial glycocalyx Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): L328 - L335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Yao, A. Rabodzey, and C. F. Dewey Jr. Glycocalyx modulates the motility and proliferative response of vascular endothelium to fluid shear stress Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): H1023 - H1030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. W.G.E. VanTeeffelen, J. Brands, C. Jansen, J. A.E. Spaan, and H. Vink Heparin Impairs Glycocalyx Barrier Properties and Attenuates Shear Dependent Vasodilation in Mice Hypertension, July 1, 2007; 50(1): 261 - 267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Cabrales, B. Y. S. Vazquez, A. G. Tsai, and M. Intaglietta Microvascular and capillary perfusion following glycocalyx degradation J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2007; 102(6): 2251 - 2259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Jacob, P. Conzen, U. Finsterer, A. Krafft, B. F. Becker, and M. Rehm Technical and physiological background of plasma volume measurement with indocyanine green: a clarification of misunderstandings J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2007; 102(3): 1235 - 1242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bertuglia, F. M. Veronese, and G. Pasut Polyethylene glycol and a novel developed polyethylene glycol-nitric oxide normalize arteriolar response and oxidative stress in ischemia-reperfusion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): H1536 - H1544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. B Bassingthwaighte, G. M Raymond, J. D Ploger, L. M Schwartz, and T. R Bukowski GENTEX, a general multiscale model for in vivo tissue exchanges and intraorgan metabolism Phil Trans R Soc A, June 15, 2006; 364(1843): 1423 - 1442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. van den Berg and H. Vink Glycocalyx perturbation: cause or consequence of damage to the vasculature? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): H2174 - H2175. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Rubio-Gayosso, S. H. Platts, and B. R. Duling Reactive oxygen species mediate modification of glycocalyx during ischemia-reperfusion injury Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): H2247 - H2256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Kelly, T. Ruane-O'Hora, M. I. M. Noble, A. J. Drake-Holland, and H. M. Snow Differential inhibition by hyperglycaemia of shear stress- but not acetylcholine-mediated dilatation in the iliac artery of the anaesthetized pig J. Physiol., May 15, 2006; 573(1): 133 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Nieuwdorp, H. L. Mooij, J. Kroon, B. Atasever, J. A.E. Spaan, C. Ince, F. Holleman, M. Diamant, R. J. Heine, J. B.L. Hoekstra, et al. Endothelial glycocalyx damage coincides with microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, April 1, 2006; 55(4): 1127 - 1132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nieuwdorp, T. W. van Haeften, M. C.L.G. Gouverneur, H. L. Mooij, M. H.P. van Lieshout, M. Levi, J. C.M. Meijers, F. Holleman, J. B.L. Hoekstra, H. Vink, et al. Loss of Endothelial Glycocalyx During Acute Hyperglycemia Coincides With Endothelial Dysfunction and Coagulation Activation In Vivo Diabetes, February 1, 2006; 55(2): 480 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. van den Berg, J. A. E. Spaan, T. M. Rolf, and H. Vink Atherogenic region and diet diminish glycocalyx dimension and increase intima-to-media ratios at murine carotid artery bifurcation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H915 - H920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhang, F.-R. Curry, and S. Weinbaum Mechanism of osmotic flow in a periodic fiber array Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H844 - H852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Mehta and A. B. Malik Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability Physiol Rev, January 1, 2006; 86(1): 279 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Jeansson and B. Haraldsson Morphological and functional evidence for an important role of the endothelial cell glycocalyx in the glomerular barrier Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): F111 - F116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gouverneur, J. A. E. Spaan, H. Pannekoek, R. D. Fontijn, and H. Vink Fluid shear stress stimulates incorporation of hyaluronan into endothelial cell glycocalyx Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): H458 - H452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. A. van Haaren, E. VanBavel, H. Vink, and J. A. E. Spaan Charge modification of the endothelial surface layer modulates the permeability barrier of isolated rat mesenteric small arteries Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): H2503 - H2507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. G. E. VanTeeffelen, S. Dekker, D. S. Fokkema, M. Siebes, H. Vink, and J. A. E. Spaan Hyaluronidase treatment of coronary glycocalyx increases reactive hyperemia but not adenosine hyperemia in dog hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): H2508 - H2513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Pries and T. W. Secomb Microvascular blood viscosity in vivo and the endothelial surface layer Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): H2657 - H2664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Zuurbier, C. Demirci, A. Koeman, H. Vink, and C. Ince Short-term hyperglycemia increases endothelial glycocalyx permeability and acutely decreases lineal density of capillaries with flowing red blood cells J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2005; 99(4): 1471 - 1476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Kano, D. J. Padilla, B. J. Behnke, K. S. Hageman, T. I. Musch, and D. C. Poole Effects of eccentric exercise on microcirculation and microvascular oxygen pressures in rat spinotrapezius muscle J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2005; 99(4): 1516 - 1522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Hyduke and J. C. Liao Analysis of nitric oxide donor effectiveness in resistance vessels Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): H2390 - H2399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bjornson, J. Moses, A. Ingemansson, B. Haraldsson, and J. Sorensson Primary human glomerular endothelial cells produce proteoglycans, and puromycin affects their posttranslational modification Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): F748 - F756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. Flessner The transport barrier in intraperitoneal therapy Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): F433 - F442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. M. Thi, J. M. Tarbell, S. Weinbaum, and D. C. Spray The role of the glycocalyx in reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton under fluid shear stress: A "bumper-car" model PNAS, November 23, 2004; 101(47): 16483 - 16488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Long, M. L. Smith, A. R. Pries, K. Ley, and E. R. Damiano Microviscometry reveals reduced blood viscosity and altered shear rate and shear stress profiles in microvessels after hemodilution PNAS, July 6, 2004; 101(27): 10060 - 10065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. Mulivor and H. H. Lipowsky Inflammation- and ischemia-induced shedding of venular glycocalyx Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2004; 286(5): H1672 - H1680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Platts and B. R. Duling Adenosine A3 Receptor Activation Modulates the Capillary Endothelial Glycocalyx Circ. Res., January 9, 2004; 94(1): 77 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. A. van Haaren, E. VanBavel, H. Vink, and J. A. E. Spaan Localization of the permeability barrier to solutes in isolated arteries by confocal microscopy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2848 - H2856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Chaigneau, M. Oheim, E. Audinat, and S. Charpak Two-photon imaging of capillary blood flow in olfactory bulb glomeruli PNAS, October 28, 2003; 100(22): 13081 - 13086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Constantinescu, H. Vink, and J. A.E. Spaan Endothelial Cell Glycocalyx Modulates Immobilization of Leukocytes at the Endothelial Surface Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2003; 23(9): 1541 - 1547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Weinbaum, X. Zhang, Y. Han, H. Vink, and S. C. Cowin Inaugural Article: Mechanotransduction and flow across the endothelial glycocalyx PNAS, June 24, 2003; 100(13): 7988 - 7995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Platts, J. Linden, and B. R. Duling Rapid modification of the glycocalyx caused by ischemia-reperfusion is inhibited by adenosine A2A receptor activation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): H2360 - H2367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. van den Berg, H. Vink, and J. A.E. Spaan The Endothelial Glycocalyx Protects Against Myocardial Edema Circ. Res., April 4, 2003; 92(6): 592 - 594. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Fu, B. Chen, and W. Chen An electrodiffusion model for effects of surface glycocalyx layer on microvessel permeability Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): H1240 - H1250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sorensson, A. Bjornson, M. Ohlson, B. J. Ballermann, and B. Haraldsson Synthesis of sulfated proteoglycans by bovine glomerular endothelial cells in culture Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): F373 - F380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. Mulivor and H. H. Lipowsky Role of glycocalyx in leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): H1282 - H1291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Sanders, N. A. Pou, and R. J. Roselli Neutral and DEAE dextrans as tracers for assessing lung microvascular barrier permeability and integrity J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2002; 93(1): 251 - 262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Osterloh, U. Ewert, and A. R. Pries Interaction of albumin with the endothelial cell surface Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): H398 - H405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Kindig, T. E. Richardson, and D. C. Poole Skeletal muscle capillary hemodynamics from rest to contractions: implications for oxygen transfer J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2002; 92(6): 2513 - 2520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. W. Secomb, R. Hsu, and A. R. Pries Motion of red blood cells in a capillary with an endothelial surface layer: effect of flow velocity Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2001; 281(2): H629 - H636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Constantinescu, H. Vink, and J. A. E. Spaan Elevated capillary tube hematocrit reflects degradation of endothelial cell glycocalyx by oxidized LDL Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): H1051 - H1057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. S. Henry and B. R. Duling TNF-alpha increases entry of macromolecules into luminal endothelial cell glycocalyx Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): H2815 - H2823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Hu, R. H. Adamson, B. Liu, F. E. Curry, and S. Weinbaum Starling forces that oppose filtration after tissue oncotic pressure is increased Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2000; 279(4): H1724 - H1736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Vink, A. A. Constantinescu, and J. A. E. Spaan Oxidized Lipoproteins Degrade the Endothelial Surface Layer : Implications for Platelet-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Circulation, April 4, 2000; 101(13): 1500 - 1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Osterloh, P. Gaehtgens, and A. R. Pries Determination of microvascular flow pattern formation in vivo Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2000; 278(4): H1142 - H1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. H. Huxley and D. A. Williams Role of a glycocalyx on coronary arteriole permeability to proteins: evidence from enzyme treatments Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2000; 278(4): H1177 - H1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Vink and B. R. Duling Capillary endothelial surface layer selectively reduces plasma solute distribution volume Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2000; 278(1): H285 - H289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. S. Henry and B. R. Duling Permeation of the luminal capillary glycocalyx is determined by hyaluronan Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 1999; 277(2): H508 - H514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. Michel and F. E. Curry Microvascular Permeability Physiol Rev, July 1, 1999; 79(3): 703 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sorensson, G. L. Matejka, M. Ohlson, and B. Haraldsson Human endothelial cells produce orosomucoid, an important component of the capillary barrier Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 1999; 276(2): H530 - H534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Rumbaut, N. R. Harris, A. J. Sial, V. H. Huxley, and D. N. Granger Leakage responses to L-NAME differ with the fluorescent dye used to label albumin Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 1999; 276(1): H333 - H339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Alster, A. Loewenstein, S. Levin, M. Lazar, and R. Korenstein Low-Frequency Submicron Fluctuations of Red Blood Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy Arch Ophthalmol, October 1, 1998; 116(10): 1321 - 1325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R Pries, T. W Secomb, M. Sperandio, and P. Gaehtgens Blood flow resistance during hemodilution: effect of plasma composition Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 1998; 37(1): 225 - 235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Pries, T. W. Secomb, H. Jacobs, M. Sperandio, K. Osterloh, and P. Gaehtgens Microvascular blood flow resistance: role of endothelial surface layer Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 1997; 273(5): H2272 - H2279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|