© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
The Electrophysiological Mechanism of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Long QT Syndrome
Tridimensional Mapping of Activation and Recovery Patterns
the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brooklyn.
We have previously developed a canine in vivo model of the long QT syndrome (LQTS) using the neurotoxin anthopleurin A (AP-A), which acts by slowing sodium channel inactivation. The recent discovery of a genetic mutation in the cardiac sodium channel in some patients with the congenital LQTS, resulting in abnormal gating behavior similar to sodium channels exposed to AP-A, provides a strong endorsement of this animal model as a valid surrogate to the clinical syndrome of LQTS. In the present study, we conducted high-resolution tridimensional isochronal mapping of both activation and repolarization patterns in puppies exposed to AP-A that developed LQTS and polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs). To map repolarization, we measured activation-recovery intervals (ARIs) using multiple unipolar extracellular electrograms. We demonstrated, for the first time in vivo, the existence of spatial dispersion of repolarization in the ventricular wall and differences in regional recovery in response to cycle-length changes that were markedly exaggerated after AP-A administration. Analysis of tridimensional activation patterns showed that the initial beat of polymorphic VT consistently arose as focal activity from a subendocardial site, whereas subsequent beats were due to successive subendocardial focal activity, reentrant excitation, or a combination of both mechanisms. Reentrant excitation was due to infringement of a focal activity on the spatial dispersion of repolarization, resulting in functional conduction block and circulating wave fronts. The polymorphic QRS configuration of VT in the LQTS was due to either changing the site of origin of focal activity, resulting in varying activation patterns, or varying orientations of circulating wave fronts.
Key Words: arrhythmia • ventricular tachycardia • mapping • reentry • early afterdepolarization
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. Maguy, S. Le Bouter, P. Comtois, D. Chartier, L. Villeneuve, R. Wakili, K. Nishida, and S. Nattel Ion Channel Subunit Expression Changes in Cardiac Purkinje Fibers: A Potential Role in Conduction Abnormalities Associated With Congestive Heart Failure Circ. Res., May 8, 2009; 104(9): 1113 - 1122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Opthof, R. Coronel, and M. J. Janse Is there a significant transmural gradient in repolarization time in the intact heart?: Repolarization Gradients in the Intact Heart Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol, February 1, 2009; 2(1): 89 - 96. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J.D. Boukens, V. M. Christoffels, R. Coronel, and A. F.M. Moorman Developmental Basis for Electrophysiological Heterogeneity in the Ventricular and Outflow Tract Myocardium As a Substrate for Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias Circ. Res., January 2, 2009; 104(1): 19 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. B. Caref, M. Boutjdir, H. D. Himel, and N. El-Sherif Role of subendocardial Purkinje network in triggering torsade de pointes arrhythmia in experimental long QT syndrome Europace, October 1, 2008; 10(10): 1218 - 1223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Chinushi, D. Izumi, K. Iijima, S. Ahara, S. Komura, H. Furushima, Y. Hosaka, and Y. Aizawa Antiarrhythmic vs. pro-arrhythmic effects depending on the intensity of adrenergic stimulation in a canine anthopleurin-A model of type-3 long QT syndrome Europace, February 1, 2008; 10(2): 249 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Antzelevitch Role of spatial dispersion of repolarization in inherited and acquired sudden cardiac death syndromes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): H2024 - H2038. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Antzelevitch Ionic, molecular, and cellular bases of QT-interval prolongation and torsade de pointes Europace, September 1, 2007; 9(suppl_4): iv4 - iv15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Ashikaga, B. A. Coppola, B. Hopenfeld, E. S. Leifer, E. R. McVeigh, and J. H. Omens Transmural Dispersion of Myofiber Mechanics: Implications for Electrical Heterogeneity In Vivo J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 27, 2007; 49(8): 909 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Thomas, M. J. Killeen, I. S. Gurung, P. Hakim, R. Balasubramaniam, C. A. Goddard, A. A. Grace, and C. L.-H. Huang Mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmogenesis in mice following targeted disruption of KCNE1 modelling long QT syndrome 5 J. Physiol., January 1, 2007; 578(1): 99 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Thomas, I. S. Gurung, M. J. Killeen, P. Hakim, C. A. Goddard, M. P. Mahaut-Smith, W. H. Colledge, A. A. Grace, and C. L.-H. Huang Effects of L-type Ca2+ channel antagonism on ventricular arrhythmogenesis in murine hearts containing a modification in the Scn5a gene modelling human long QT syndrome 3 J. Physiol., January 1, 2007; 578(1): 85 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Sung, S.-N. Wu, J.-S. Wu, H.-D. Chang, and C.-H. Luo Electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in relation to Andersen-Tawil syndrome under conditions of reduced IK1: a simulation study Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): H2597 - H2605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Viitasalo, L. Oikarinen, H. Swan, H. Vaananen, J. Jarvenpaa, H. Hietanen, J. Karjalainen, and L. Toivonen Effects of Beta-Blocker Therapy on Ventricular Repolarization Documented by 24-h Electrocardiography in Patients With Type 1 Long-QT Syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): 747 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. S. Chauhan, E. Downar, K. Nanthakumar, J. D. Parker, H. J. Ross, W. Chan, and P. Picton Increased ventricular repolarization heterogeneity in patients with ventricular arrhythmia vulnerability and cardiomyopathy: a human in vivo study Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): H79 - H86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Yue, T. R. Betts, P. R. Roberts, and J. M. Morgan Global Dynamic Coupling of Activation and Repolarization in the Human Ventricle Circulation, October 25, 2005; 112(17): 2592 - 2601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Shah, F. G. Akar, and G. F. Tomaselli Molecular Basis of Arrhythmias Circulation, October 18, 2005; 112(16): 2517 - 2529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Yue, M. R. Franz, P. R. Roberts, and J. M. Morgan Global Endocardial Electrical Restitution in Human Right and Left Ventricles Determined by Noncontact Mapping J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 20, 2005; 46(6): 1067 - 1075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Janse, E. A. Sosunov, R. Coronel, T. Opthof, E. P. Anyukhovsky, J. M.T. de Bakker, A. N. Plotnikov, I. N. Shlapakova, P. Danilo Jr, J. G.P. Tijssen, et al. Repolarization Gradients in the Canine Left Ventricle Before and After Induction of Short-Term Cardiac Memory Circulation, September 20, 2005; 112(12): 1711 - 1718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Ritsema van Eck, J. A. Kors, and G. van Herpen The U wave in the electrocardiogram: A solution for a 100-year-old riddle Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2005; 67(2): 256 - 262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Katra and K. R. Laurita Cellular Mechanism of Calcium-Mediated Triggered Activity in the Heart Circ. Res., March 18, 2005; 96(5): 535 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Milberg, N. Reinsch, K. Wasmer, G. Monnig, J. Stypmann, N. Osada, G. Breithardt, W. Haverkamp, and L. Eckardt Transmural dispersion of repolarization as a key factor of arrhythmogenicity in a novel intact heart model of LQT3 Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2005; 65(2): 397 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Grom, T. S. Faber, M. Brunner, C. Bode, and M. Zehender Delayed adaptation of ventricular repolarization after sudden changes in heart rate due to conversion of atrial fibrillation. A potential risk factor for proarrhythmia? Europace, January 1, 2005; 7(2): 113 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Noda, W. Shimizu, K. Satomi, K. Suyama, T. Kurita, N. Aihara, and S. Kamakura Classification and mechanism of Torsade de Pointes initiation in patients with congenital long QT syndrome Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2004; 25(23): 2149 - 2154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ueda, D. P. Zipes, and J. Wu Functional and transmural modulation of M cell behavior in canine ventricular wall Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): H2569 - H2575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Szumowski, P. Sanders, F. Walczak, M. Hocini, P. Jais, R. Kepski, E. Szufladowicz, P. Urbanek, P. Derejko, R. Bodalski, et al. Mapping and ablation of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 19, 2004; 44(8): 1700 - 1706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Yue, J. R. Paisey, S. Robinson, T. R. Betts, P. R. Roberts, and J. M. Morgan Determination of Human Ventricular Repolarization by Noncontact Mapping: Validation With Monophasic Action Potential Recordings Circulation, September 14, 2004; 110(11): 1343 - 1350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Roden Drug-Induced Prolongation of the QT Interval N. Engl. J. Med., March 4, 2004; 350(10): 1013 - 1022. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Balasubramaniam, A. A Grace, R. C Saumarez, J. I Vandenberg, and C. L-H Huang Electrogram prolongation and nifedipine-suppressible ventricular arrhythmias in mice following targeted disruption of KCNE1 J. Physiol., October 15, 2003; 552(2): 535 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Roden A Surprising New Arrhythmia Mechanism in Heart Failure Circ. Res., October 3, 2003; 93(7): 589 - 591. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Nemec, J. B. Hejlik, W.-K. Shen, and M. J. Ackerman Catecholamine-Induced T-Wave Lability in Congenital Long QT Syndrome: A Novel Phenomenon Associated With Syncope and Cardiac Arrest Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2003; 78(1): 40 - 50. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Han, L. Zhang, G. Schram, and S. Nattel Properties of potassium currents in Purkinje cells of failing human hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2495 - H2503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Viitasalo, L. Oikarinen, H. Swan, H. Vaananen, K. Glatter, P. J. Laitinen, K. Kontula, H. V. Barron, L. Toivonen, and M. M. Scheinman Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Evidence of Transmural Dispersion of Repolarization in Patients With Long-QT Syndrome Type 1 and 2 Circulation, November 5, 2002; 106(19): 2473 - 2478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Han, W. Bao, Z. Wang, and S. Nattel Comparison of Ion-Channel Subunit Expression in Canine Cardiac Purkinje Fibers and Ventricular Muscle Circ. Res., November 1, 2002; 91(9): 790 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.-R. Choi, F. Burton, and G. Salama Cytosolic Ca2+ triggers early afterdepolarizations and torsade de pointes in rabbit hearts with type 2 long QT syndrome J. Physiol., September 1, 2002; 543(2): 615 - 631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Chinushi, H. Kasai, M. Tagawa, T. Washizuka, Y. Hosaka, Y. Chinushi, and Y. Aizawa Triggers of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and therapeutic effects of nicorandil in canine models of LQT2 and LQT3 syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 7, 2002; 40(3): 555 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Antzelevitch Sympathetic modulation of the long QT syndrome Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2002; 23(16): 1246 - 1252. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Boersma, Z. Zetelaki, J. Brugada, and M. Allessie Polymorphic Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia in the Isolated Rabbit Heart Studied by High-Density Mapping Circulation, June 25, 2002; 105(25): 3053 - 3061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Sanchez-Chapula, R. A. Navarro-Polanco, C. Culberson, J. Chen, and M. C. Sanguinetti Molecular Determinants of Voltage-dependent Human Ether-a-Go-Go Related Gene (HERG) K+ Channel Block J. Biol. Chem., June 21, 2002; 277(26): 23587 - 23595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Shimizu, Y. Tanabe, T. Aiba, M. Inagaki, T. Kurita, K. Suyama, N. Nagaya, A. Taguchi, N. Aihara, K. Sunagawa, et al. Differential effects of beta-blockade on dispersion of repolarization in the absence and presence of sympathetic stimulation between the lqt1 and lqt2 forms of congenital long qt syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 19, 2002; 39(12): 1984 - 1991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Schram, M. Pourrier, P. Melnyk, and S. Nattel Differential Distribution of Cardiac Ion Channel Expression as a Basis for Regional Specialization in Electrical Function Circ. Res., May 17, 2002; 90(9): 939 - 950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Lacroix, P. Gluais, C. Marquie, C. D'Hoinne, M. Adamantidis, and M. Bastide Repolarization abnormalities and their arrhythmogenic consequences in porcine tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2002; 54(1): 42 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sawada, M. Hirai, M. Akahoshi, Y. Inden, Y. Yoshida, D. Ishihara, K. Yamada, Y. Takada, T. Tanaka, Y. Takada, et al. Ventricular activation and recovery measured in electrocardiographic limb leads correlate with measurements from specific areas in body surface mapping Europace, January 1, 2002; 4(4): 401 - 410. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Members of the Sicilian Gambit New Approaches to Antiarrhythmic Therapy, Part I: Emerging Therapeutic Applications of the Cell Biology of Cardiac Arrhythmias Circulation, December 4, 2001; 104(23): 2865 - 2873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Members of the Sicilian Gambit New approaches to antiarrhythmic therapy; emerging therapeutic applications of the cell biology of cardiac arrhythmias Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2001; 22(23): 2148 - 2163. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Members of the Sicilian Gambit New approaches to antiarrhythmic therapy: emerging therapeutic applications of the cell biology of cardiac arrhythmias Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2001; 52(3): 345 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Han, D. Chartier, D. Li, and S. Nattel Ionic Remodeling of Cardiac Purkinje Cells by Congestive Heart Failure Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 2095 - 2100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. N. Ghanem, J. E. Burnes, A. L. Waldo, and Y. Rudy Imaging Dispersion of Myocardial Repolarization, II: Noninvasive Reconstruction of Epicardial Measures Circulation, September 11, 2001; 104(11): 1306 - 1312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Antzelevitch Heterogeneity of cellular repolarization in LQTS: the role of M cells Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2001; 3(suppl_K): K2 - K16. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.-X. Yan, Y. Wu, T. Liu, J. Wang, R. A. Marinchak, and P. R. Kowey Phase 2 Early Afterdepolarization as a Trigger of Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in Acquired Long-QT Syndrome : Direct Evidence From Intracellular Recordings in the Intact Left Ventricular Wall Circulation, June 12, 2001; 103(23): 2851 - 2856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Antzelevitch Transmural dispersion of repolarization and the T wave Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2001; 50(3): 426 - 431. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Taggart, P. M.I Sutton, T. Opthof, R. Coronel, R. Trimlett, W. Pugsley, and P. Kallis Transmural repolarisation in the left ventricle in humans during normoxia and ischaemia Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2001; 50(3): 454 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Spach Mechanisms of the Dynamics of Reentry in a Fibrillating Myocardium : Developing a Genes-to-Rotors Paradigm Circ. Res., April 27, 2001; 88(8): 753 - 755. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C. Verduyn, J. M. v. Opstal, J. D. Leunissen, and M. A. Vos Assessment of the Pro-Arrhythmic Potential of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: An Experimental Approach Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, March 1, 2001; 6(1): 89 - 97. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Tanabe, M. Inagaki, T. Kurita, N. Nagaya, A. Taguchi, K. Suyama, N. Aihara, S. Kamakura, K. Sunagawa, K. Nakamura, et al. Sympathetic stimulation produces a greater increase in both transmural and spatial dispersion of repolarization in LQT1 than LQT2 forms of congenital long QT syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 1, 2001; 37(3): 911 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Yamamoto, T. Tamura, R. Imai, and M. Yamamoto Acute Canine Model for Drug-Induced Torsades de Pointes in Drug Safety Evaluation--Influences of Anesthesia and Validation with Quinidine and Astemizole Toxicol. Sci., March 1, 2001; 60(1): 165 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Han, Z. Wang, and S. Nattel Slow delayed rectifier current and repolarization in canine cardiac Purkinje cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): H1075 - H1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Vos, B. Gorenek, S.C. Verduyn, F. F. van der Hulst, J. D. Leunissen, L. Dohmen, and H. J. Wellens Observations on the onset of Torsade de Pointes arrhythmias in the acquired long QT syndrome Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2000; 48(3): 421 - 429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-J. Chen, S.-A. Chen, M.-S. Chang, and C.-I Lin Arrhythmogenic activity of cardiac muscle in pulmonary veins of the dog: implication for the genesis of atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2000; 48(2): 265 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Shimizu and C. Antzelevitch Effects of a K+ Channel Opener to Reduce Transmural Dispersion of Repolarization and Prevent Torsade de Pointes in LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3 Models of the Long-QT Syndrome Circulation, August 8, 2000; 102(6): 706 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W Haverkamp, G Breithardt, A.J Camm, M.J Janse, M.R Rosen, C Antzelevitch, D Escande, M Franz, M Malik, A Moss, et al. The potential for QT prolongation and proarrhythmia by non-antiarrhythmic drugs: clinical and regulatory implications. Report on a Policy Conference of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2000; 21(15): 1216 - 1231. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Han, Z. Wang, and S. Nattel A comparison of transient outward currents in canine cardiac Purkinje cells and ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2000; 279(2): H466 - H474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Haverkamp, G. Breithardt, A.J. Camm, M. J Janse, M. R Rosen, C. Antzelevitch, D. Escande, M. Franz, M. Malik, A. Moss, et al. The potential for QT prolongation and pro-arrhythmia by non-anti-arrhythmic drugs: Clinical and regulatory implications: Report on a Policy Conference of the European Society of Cardiology Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2000; 47(2): 219 - 233. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-E. Chiang and D. M. Roden The long QT syndromes: genetic basis and clinical implications J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 2000; 36(1): 1 - 12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Spear and E. N. Moore Modulation of arrhythmias by isoproterenol in a rabbit heart model of d-sotalol-induced long Q-T intervals Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2000; 279(1): H15 - H25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R.C. Saumarez and A.A. Grace Paced ventricular electrogram fractionation and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other non-coronary heart diseases Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2000; 47(1): 11 - 22. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. Viswanathan and Y. Rudy Cellular Arrhythmogenic Effects of Congenital and Acquired Long-QT Syndrome in the Heterogeneous Myocardium Circulation, March 14, 2000; 101(10): 1192 - 1198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Shimizu and C. Antzelevitch Differential effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long QT syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 1, 2000; 35(3): 778 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Fisher, D. Krikler, and K. A. Hallidie-Smith Familial polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias: A quarter century of successful medical treatment based on serial exercise-pharmacologic testing J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 1999; 34(7): 2015 - 2022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bauer, R. Becker, K. D. Freigang, J. C. Senges, F. Voss, A. Hansen, M. Muller, H. J. Lang, U. Gerlach, A. Busch, et al. Rate- and Site-Dependent Effects of Propafenone, Dofetilide, and the New IKs-Blocking Agent Chromanol 293b on Individual Muscle Layers of the Intact Canine Heart Circulation, November 23, 1999; 100(21): 2184 - 2190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Merot, F. Charpentier, J.-M. Poirier, G. Coutris, and J. Weissenburger Effects of chronic treatment by amiodarone on transmural heterogeneity of canine ventricular repolarization in vivo: interactions with acute sotalol Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 1999; 44(2): 303 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Burashnikov and C. Antzelevitch Differences in the electrophysiologic response of four canine ventricular cell types to {alpha}1-adrenergic agonists Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 1999; 43(4): 901 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. Viswanathan, R. M. Shaw, and Y. Rudy Effects of IKr and IKs Heterogeneity on Action Potential Duration and Its Rate Dependence : A Simulation Study Circulation, May 11, 1999; 99(18): 2466 - 2474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C Viswanathan and Y. Rudy Pause induced early afterdepolarizations in the long QT syndrome: a simulation study Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 1999; 42(2): 530 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. El-Sherif, E. B. Caref, M. Chinushi, and M. Restivo Mechanism of arrhythmogenicity of the short-long cardiac sequence that precedes ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the long QT syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 1999; 33(5): 1415 - 1423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Shimizu and C. Antzelevitch Cellular and Ionic Basis for T-Wave Alternans Under Long-QT Conditions Circulation, March 23, 1999; 99(11): 1499 - 1507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Lacroix, F. Extramiana, P. Delfaut, M. Adamantidis, D. Grandmougin, D. Klug, S. Kacet, and B. Dupuis Factors affecting epicardial dispersion of repolarization: a mapping study in the isolated porcine heart Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 1999; 41(3): 563 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Robert, A. G. M. Aya, J. E. de la Coussaye, P. Peray, J.-M. Juan, J. Brugada, J.-M. Davy, and J.-J. Eledjam Dispersion-based reentry: mechanism of initiation of ventricular tachycardia in isolated rabbit hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 1999; 276(2): H413 - H423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Pogwizd, J. P. McKenzie, and M. E. Cain Mechanisms Underlying Spontaneous and Induced Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Circulation, December 1, 1998; 98(22): 2404 - 2414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Shimizu and C. Antzelevitch Cellular Basis for the ECG Features of the LQT1 Form of the Long-QT Syndrome : Effects of ß-Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists and Sodium Channel Blockers on Transmural Dispersion of Repolarization and Torsade de Pointes Circulation, November 24, 1998; 98(21): 2314 - 2322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.-X. Yan, W. Shimizu, and C. Antzelevitch Characteristics and Distribution of M Cells in Arterially Perfused Canine Left Ventricular Wedge Preparations Circulation, November 3, 1998; 98(18): 1921 - 1927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.-X. Yan and C. Antzelevitch Cellular Basis for the Normal T Wave and the Electrocardiographic Manifestations of the Long-QT Syndrome Circulation, November 3, 1998; 98(18): 1928 - 1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Drouin, G. Lande, and F. Charpentier Amiodarone reduces transmural heterogeneity of repolarization in the human heart J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 1998; 32(4): 1063 - 1067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Zareba, A. J. Moss, P. J. Schwartz, G. M. Vincent, J. L. Robinson, S. G. Priori, J. Benhorin, E. H. Locati, J. A. Towbin, M. T. Keating, et al. Influence of the Genotype on the Clinical Course of the Long-QT Syndrome N. Engl. J. Med., October 1, 1998; 339(14): 960 - 965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Chinushi, M. Restivo, E. B. Caref, and N. El-Sherif Electrophysiological Basis of Arrhythmogenicity of QT/T Alternans in the Long-QT Syndrome : Tridimensional Analysis of the Kinetics of Cardiac Repolarization Circ. Res., September 21, 1998; 83(6): 614 - 628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Vos, S. H. M. de Groot, S. C. Verduyn, J. van der Zande, H. D. M. Leunissen, J. P. M. Cleutjens, M. van Bilsen, M. J. A. P. Daemen, J. J. Schreuder, M. A. Allessie, et al. Enhanced Susceptibility for Acquired Torsade de Pointes Arrhythmias in the Dog With Chronic, Complete AV Block Is Related to Cardiac Hypertrophy and Electrical Remodeling Circulation, September 15, 1998; 98(11): 1125 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Eckardt, W. Haverkamp, M. Borggrefe, and G. Breithardt Experimental models of torsade de pointes Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1998; 39(1): 178 - 193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zabel, T. Klingenheben, M. R. Franz, and S. H. Hohnloser Assessment of QT Dispersion for Prediction of Mortality or Arrhythmic Events After Myocardial Infarction : Results of a Prospective, Long-term Follow-up Study Circulation, June 30, 1998; 97(25): 2543 - 2550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Berenfeld and J. Jalife Purkinje-Muscle Reentry as a Mechanism of Polymorphic Ventricular Arrhythmias in a 3-Dimensional Model of the Ventricles Circ. Res., June 1, 1998; 82(10): 1063 - 1077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Derakhchan, R. Cardinal, S. Brunet, D. Klug, C. Pharand, T. Kus, and B. I. Sasyniuk Polymorphic ventricular tachycardias induced by D-sotalol and phenylephrine in canine preparations of atrioventricular block: initiation in the conduction system followed by spatially unstable re-entry Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1998; 38(3): 617 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Shimizu, T. Kurita, K. Matsuo, K. Suyama, N. Aihara, S. Kamakura, J. A. Towbin, and K. Shimomura Improvement of Repolarization Abnormalities by a K+ Channel Opener in the LQT1 Form of Congenital Long-QT Syndrome Circulation, April 28, 1998; 97(16): 1581 - 1588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Oster, B. Taccardi, R. L. Lux, P. R. Ershler, and Y. Rudy Electrocardiographic Imaging : Noninvasive Characterization of Intramural Myocardial Activation From Inverse-Reconstructed Epicardial Potentials and Electrograms Circulation, April 21, 1998; 97(15): 1496 - 1507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Spear and E. N. Moore Modulation of quinidine-induced arrhythmias by temperature in perfused rabbit heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 1998; 274(3): H817 - H828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Nattel Experimental evidence for proarrhythmic mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drugs Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 1998; 37(3): 567 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. El-Sherif, M. Chinushi, E. B. Caref, and M. Restivo Electrophysiological Mechanism of the Characteristic Electrocardiographic Morphology of Torsade de Pointes Tachyarrhythmias in the Long-QT Syndrome : Detailed Analysis of Ventricular Tridimensional Activation Patterns Circulation, December 16, 1997; 96(12): 4392 - 4399. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. P. Anyukhovsky, E. A. Sosunov, S. J. Feinmark, and M. R. Rosen Effects of Quinidine on Repolarization in Canine Epicardium, Midmyocardium, and Endocardium : II. In Vivo Study Circulation, December 2, 1997; 96(11): 4019 - 4026. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. A. Maltsev and A. I. Undrovinas Cytoskeleton modulates coupling between availability and activation of cardiac sodium channel Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 1997; 273(4): H1832 - H1840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Shimizu and C. Antzelevitch Sodium Channel Block With Mexiletine Is Effective in Reducing Dispersion of Repolarization and Preventing Torsade de Pointes in LQT2 and LQT3 Models of the Long-QT Syndrome Circulation, September 16, 1997; 96(6): 2038 - 2047. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|