© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Thrombin Potently Stimulates Cytokine Production in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells but Not in Mononuclear Phagocytes
the Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit (R.K., P.L.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (S.K.C.), Boston, Mass; the Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.I., S.R.C.), University of California, San Francisco; and the Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research (J.W.F. II), New York State Department of Health, Albany.
Correspondence to Peter Libby, MD, Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, LMRC 307, Boston, MA 02115.
Thrombosis frequently occurs during atherogenesis and in response to vascular injury. Accumulating evidence supports a role for inflammation in the same situation. The present study therefore sought links between thrombosis and inflammation by determining whether thrombin, which is present in active form at sites of thrombosis, can elicit inflammatory functions of human monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), two major constituents of advanced atheroma. Human 
-thrombin (EC50, 
500 pmol/L) potently induced interleukin (IL)-6 release from SMCs. The tethered-ligand thrombin receptor appeared to mediate this effect. Furthermore, -thrombin also rapidly increased levels of mRNA encoding IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in SMCs. In contrast, only -thrombin concentrations of 
100 nmol/L could stimulate release of IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) in peripheral blood monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages. Lipid loading of macrophages did not augment thrombin responsiveness. Likewise, only -thrombin concentrations of 100 nmol/L increased levels of IL-6, IL-1ß, MCP-1, or TNF mRNA in monocytes. Differential responses of SMCs and monocytes to thrombin extended to early agonist-mediated increases in [Ca2+]i. SMCs and endothelial cells, but not monocytes, contained abundant mRNA encoding the thrombin receptor and displayed cell surface thrombin receptor expression detected with a novel monoclonal antibody. Thus, the level of thrombin receptors appeared to account for the differential thrombin susceptibility of SMCs and monocytes. These data suggest that SMCs may be more sensitive than monocytes/macrophages to thrombin activation in human atheroma. Cytokines produced by thrombin-activated SMCs may contribute to ongoing inflammation in atheroma complicated by thrombosis or subjected to angioplasty.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • thrombosis • inflammation • restenosis • monocyte chemotactic protein-1
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