This Article Full Text Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Goto, M. Articles by Downey, J. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Goto, M. Articles by Downey, J. M.

(Circulation Research. 1995;77:611-621.)
© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.

Articles

Role of Bradykinin in Protection of Ischemic Preconditioning in Rabbit Hearts

Mahiko Goto, Yongge Liu, Xi-Ming Yang, Jeffrey L. Ardell, Michael V. Cohen, James M. Downey

From the Departments of Medicine (M.V.C.) and Physiology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile.

Correspondence to Michael V. Cohen, MD, Department of Physiology, MSB 3050, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688.

Abstract Bradykinin receptor activation has been proposed to be involved in ischemic preconditioning. In the present study, we further investigated the role of this agent in preconditioning in both isolated and in situ rabbit hearts. All hearts were subjected to 30 minutes of regional ischemia followed by reperfusion for 2 hours (in vitro hearts) and 3 hours (in situ hearts). Infarct size was measured by tetrazolium staining and expressed as a percentage of the size of the risk zone. Preconditioning in situ hearts with 5 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion significantly reduced infarct size to 10.2±2.2% of the risk region (P<.0005 versus control infarct size of 36.7±2.6%). Pretreatment with HOE 140 (26 µg/kg), a bradykinin B₂ receptor blocker, did not alter infarct size in nonpreconditioned hearts (40.6±5.3% infarction) but abolished protection from ischemic preconditioning (34.1±1.6% infarction). However, when HOE 140 was administered during the initial reflow period following 5 minutes of ischemia, protection was no longer abolished (15.6±3.9% infarction versus 13.3±3.8% without HOE 140, P=NS). Bradykinin infusion in isolated hearts mimicked preconditioning, and protection was not affected by pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin but could be completely abolished by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors polymyxin B and staurosporine as well as by HOE 140. HOE 140 could not block the protection of ischemic preconditioning in isolated hearts. That failure was apparently due to the absence of blood-borne kininogens rather than autonomic nerves. When the preconditioning stimulus in the in situ model was amplified with four cycles of 5-minute ischemia/10-minute reperfusion, HOE 140 pretreatment could no longer block protection (infarct size was 10.7±3.5% versus 6.4±2.0% without HOE 140, P=NS). We propose that bradykinin receptors protect by coupling to PKC as do adenosine receptors, and blockade of either receptor will diminish the total stimulus of PKC below threshold and prevent protection. A more intense preconditioning ischemic stimulus can overcome bradykinin receptor blockade, however, by simply enhancing the amount of adenosine and possibly other agonists released.

Key Words: adenosine • bradykinin • ischemic preconditioning • HOE 140 • protein kinase C

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. A. Vessey, L. Li, N. Honbo, and J. S. Karliner Sphingosine 1-phosphate is an important endogenous cardioprotectant released by ischemic pre- and postconditioning Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2009; 297(4): H1429 - H1435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. K. Jones, G.-C. Fan, S. Liao, J.-M. Zhang, Y. Wang, N. L. Weintraub, E. G. Kranias, J. E. Schultz, J. Lorenz, and X. Ren Peripheral Nociception Associated With Surgical Incision Elicits Remote Nonischemic Cardioprotection Via Neurogenic Activation of Protein Kinase C Signaling Circulation, September 15, 2009; 120(11_suppl_1): S1 - S9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Yasuda, H. Kobayashi, M. Iwasa, I. Kawamura, S. Sumi, B. Narentuoya, T. Yamaki, H. Ushikoshi, K. Nishigaki, K. Nagashima, et al. Antidiabetic drug pioglitazone protects the heart via activation of PPAR-{gamma} receptors, PI3-kinase, Akt, and eNOS pathway in a rabbit model of myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): H1558 - H1565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z.-Q. Zhao and J. Vinten-Johansen Postconditioning: Reduction of reperfusion-induced injury Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2006; 70(2): 200 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Hausenloy and D. M. Yellon Survival kinases in ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2006; 70(2): 240 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Lankford, J.-N. Yang, R. Rose'Meyer, B. A. French, G. P. Matherne, B. B. Fredholm, and Z. Yang Effect of modulating cardiac A1 adenosine receptor expression on protection with ischemic preconditioning Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): H1469 - H1473. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. McGregor and M. J. Dunn Proteomics of the Heart: Unraveling Disease Circ. Res., February 17, 2006; 98(3): 309 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Feng, C. Bianchi, J. L. Sandmeyer, and F. W. Sellke Bradykinin Preconditioning Improves the Profile of Cell Survival Proteins and Limits Apoptosis After Cardioplegic Arrest Circulation, August 30, 2005; 112(9_suppl): I-190 - I-195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Loukogeorgakis, A. T. Panagiotidou, M. W. Broadhead, A. Donald, J. E. Deanfield, and R. J. MacAllister Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Provides Early and Late Protection Against Endothelial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Humans: Role of the Autonomic Nervous System J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 2, 2005; 46(3): 450 - 456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Feng, C. Bianchi, J. Li, and F. W. Sellke Bradykinin Preconditioning Preserves Coronary Microvascular Reactivity During Cardioplegia-Reperfusion Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2005; 79(3): 911 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. F. Leeb-Lundberg, F. Marceau, W. Muller-Esterl, D. J. Pettibone, and B. L. Zuraw International Union of Pharmacology. XLV. Classification of the Kinin Receptor Family: from Molecular Mechanisms to Pathophysiological Consequences Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2005; 57(1): 27 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J Epstein and J. G Gums Angiotensin Receptor Blockers versus ACE Inhibitors: Prevention of Death and Myocardial Infarction in High-Risk Populations Ann. Pharmacother., March 1, 2005; 39(3): 470 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Diaz, C. Zobel, H. Cheol Cho, M. Batthish, A. Hinek, P. H. Backx, and G. J. Wilson Selective Inhibition of Inward Rectifier K+ Channels (Kir2.1 or Kir2.2) Abolishes Protection by Ischemic Preconditioning in Rabbit Ventricular Cardiomyocytes Circ. Res., August 6, 2004; 95(3): 325 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Wei, X. Wang, P. Kuukasjarvi, J. Laurikka, T. Rinne, E.-L. Honkonen, and M. Tarkka Bradykinin preconditioning in coronary artery bypass grafting Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2004; 78(2): 492 - 497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Qin, X.-M. Yang, L. Cui, S. D. Critz, M. V. Cohen, N. C. Browner, T. M. Lincoln, and J. M. Downey Exogenous NO triggers preconditioning via a cGMP- and mitoKATP-dependent mechanism Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): H712 - H718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Zaugg, M. C. Schaub, and P. Foex Myocardial injury and its prevention in the perioperative setting Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2004; 93(1): 21 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Auchampach, X. Jin, J. Moore, T. C. Wan, L. M. Kreckler, Z.-D. Ge, J. Narayanan, E. Whalley, W. Kiesman, B. Ticho, et al. Comparison of Three Different A1 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists on Infarct Size and Multiple Cycle Ischemic Preconditioning in Anesthetized Dogs J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 2004; 308(3): 846 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Murphy Primary and Secondary Signaling Pathways in Early Preconditioning That Converge on the Mitochondria to Produce Cardioprotection Circ. Res., January 9, 2004; 94(1): 7 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Oldenburg, Q. Qin, T. Krieg, X.-M. Yang, S. Philipp, S. D. Critz, M. V. Cohen, and J. M. Downey Bradykinin induces mitochondrial ROS generation via NO, cGMP, PKG, and mitoKATP channel opening and leads to cardioprotection Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): H468 - H476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kuzume, R. A. Wolff, K. Amakawa, K. Kuzume, and D. M. Van Winkle Sustained exogenous administration of Met5-enkephalin protects against infarction in vivo Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2463 - H2470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. YELLON and J. M. DOWNEY Preconditioning the Myocardium: From Cellular Physiology to Clinical Cardiology Physiol Rev, October 1, 2003; 83(4): 1113 - 1151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ghosh and M. Galinanes Protection of the human heart with ischemic preconditioning during cardiac surgery: role of cardiopulmonary bypass J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2003; 126(1): 133 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. N. Peart and G. J. Gross Adenosine and opioid receptor-mediated cardioprotection in the rat: evidence for cross-talk between receptors Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H81 - H89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Singh and H. K. Saini Resident Cardiac Mast Cells and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, June 1, 2003; 8(2): 135 - 148. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. o. Cosar and C. J. O'Connor Hibernation, Stunning, and Preconditioning: Historical Perspective, Current Concepts, Clinical Applications, and Future Implications Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, June 1, 2003; 7(2): 115 - 140. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. K. Jain, R. B. Schuessler, and J. E. Saffitz Mechanisms of Delayed Electrical Uncoupling Induced by Ischemic Preconditioning Circ. Res., May 30, 2003; 92(10): 1138 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Kehl, P. S. Pagel, J. G. Krolikowski, W. Gu, W. Toller, D. C. Warltier, and J. R. Kersten Isoflurane Does Not Produce a Second Window of Preconditioning Against Myocardial Infarction In Vivo Anesth. Analg., November 1, 2002; 95(5): 1162 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Schwartz, T. S. Welch, and M. S. Crago Cardioprotection by multiple preconditioning cycles does not require mitochondrial KATP channels in pigs Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): H1538 - H1544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. K Reddy, S. K.G Koshy, and H. Shukia Triggers and promoters of ischaemic preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2002; 56(1): 1 - 3. [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Oldenburg, M. V Cohen, D. M Yellon, and J. M Downey Mitochondrial KATP channels: role in cardioprotection Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 429 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M Fryer, J. A Auchampach, and G. J Gross Therapeutic receptor targets of ischemic preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 520 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-P. Wang, H. Maeta, K. Mizoguchi, T. Suzuki, Y. Yamashita, and M. Oe Intestinal ischemia preconditions myocardium: role of protein kinase C and mitochondrial KATP channel Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 576 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Weinbrenner, M. Nelles, N. Herzog, L. Sarvary, and R. H Strasser Remote preconditioning by infrarenal occlusion of the aorta protects the heart from infarction: a newly identified non-neuronal but PKC-dependent pathway Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 590 - 601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Gres, R. Schulz, J. Jansen, C. Umschlag, and G. Heusch Involvement of endogenous prostaglandins in ischemic preconditioning in pigs Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 626 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T Saurin, D. J Pennington, N. J.H Raat, D. S Latchman, M. J Owen, and M. S Marber Targeted disruption of the protein kinase C epsilon gene abolishes the infarct size reduction that follows ischaemic preconditioning of isolated buffer-perfused mouse hearts Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 672 - 680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Y. Zhang, B. C. McPherson, H. Liu, T. S. Baman, P. Rock, and Z. Yao H2O2 opens mitochondrial KATP channels and inhibits GABA receptors via protein kinase C-epsilon in cardiomyocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2002; 282(4): H1395 - H1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D.L. MANN The Yin/Yang of Innate Stress Responses in the Heart Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 2002; 67(0): 363 - 370. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L.K.K. Teoh, R. Grant, J.A. Hulf, W.B. Pugsley, and D.M. Yellon The effect of preconditioning (ischemic and pharmacological) on myocardial necrosis following coronary artery bypass graft surgery Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2002; 53(1): 175 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Kloner and R. B. Jennings Consequences of Brief Ischemia: Stunning, Preconditioning, and Their Clinical Implications: Part 2 Circulation, December 18, 2001; 104(25): 3158 - 3167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Schulz, M. V Cohen, M. Behrends, J. M Downey, and G. Heusch Signal transduction of ischemic preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2001; 52(2): 181 - 198. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M Bell and D. M Yellon The contribution of endothelial nitric oxide synthase to early ischaemic preconditioning: the lowering of the preconditioning threshold. An investigation in eNOS knockout mice Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2001; 52(2): 274 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Abadie, G. T. Malcom, J. R. Porter, and F. Svec Dehydroepiandrosterone Alters Zucker Rat Soleus and Cardiac Muscle Lipid Profiles Exp Biol Med, September 1, 2001; 226(8): 782 - 789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Ebrahim, D. M Yellon, and G. F Baxter Bradykinin elicits "second window" myocardial protection in rat heart through an NO-dependent mechanism Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): H1458 - H1464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Miura, S. Kawamura, H. Tatsuno, Y. Ikeda, S. Mikami, H. Iwamoto, T. Okamura, M. Iwatate, M. Kimura, Y. Dairaku, et al. Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Injury via ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels During Myocardial Ischemia Circulation, August 28, 2001; 104(9): 1053 - 1058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Zhang, J. W. Bissing, L. Xu, A. J. Ryan, S. M. Martin, F. J. Miller Jr, K. C. Kregel, G. R. Buettner, and R. E. Kerber Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors decrease coronary sinus-free radical concentration and ameliorate myocardial stunning in an ischemia-reperfusion model J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2001; 38(2): 546 - 554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Kevelaitis, A. P. Patel, A. Oubenaissa, J. Peynet, C. Mouas, D. M. Yellon, and P. Menasche Backtable heat-enhanced preconditioning: a simple and effective means of improving function of heart transplants Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2001; 72(1): 107 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Liu, B. C. McPherson, X. Zhu, M. L. A. Da Costa, V. Jeevanandam, and Z. Yao Role of nitric oxide and protein kinase C in ACh-induced cardioprotection Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2001; 281(1): H191 - H197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Suematsu, T. Ohtsuka, Y. Hirata, K. Maeda, K. Imanaka, and S. Takamoto L-Arginine given after ischaemic preconditioning can enhance cardioprotection in isolated rat hearts Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., June 1, 2001; 19(6): 873 - 879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. T. Jaberansari, G. F. Baxter, C. A. Muller, S. E. Latouf, E. Roth, L. H. Opie, and D. M. Yellon Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition enhances a subthreshold stimulus to elicit delayed preconditioning in pig myocardium J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 1, 2001; 37(7): 1996 - 2001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Schulz, P. Gres, and G. Heusch Role of endogenous opioids in ischemic preconditioning but not in short-term hibernation in pigs Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2001; 280(5): H2175 - H2181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Yao, B. C. McPherson, H. Liu, Z. Shao, C. Li, Y. Qin, T. L. Vanden Hoek, L. B. Becker, and P. T. Schumacker Signal transduction of flumazenil-induced preconditioning in myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): H1249 - H1255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. T. LEE and C. W. EMALA Protein Kinase C and Gi/o Proteins Are Involved in Adenosine- and Ischemic Preconditioning--Mediated Renal Protection J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2001; 12(2): 233 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G.-Y. Wang, S. Wu, J.-M. Pei, X.-C. Yu, and T.-M. Wong {kappa}- but not {delta}-opioid receptors mediate effects of ischemic preconditioning on both infarct and arrhythmia in rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2001; 280(1): H384 - H391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Shigematsu, S. Ishida, D. C. Gute, and R. J. Korthuis Postischemic anti-inflammatory effects of bradykinin preconditioning Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2001; 280(1): H441 - H454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Pepe Dysfunctional ischemic preconditioning mechanisms in aging Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2001; 49(1): 11 - 14. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Bell, M. N. Sack, A. Patel, L. H. Opie, and D. M. Yellon Delta opioid receptor stimulation mimics ischemic preconditioning in human heart muscle J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 2000; 36(7): 2296 - 2302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T. SAURIN, J. L. MARTIN, R. J. HEADS, C. FOLEY, J. W. MOCKRIDGE, M. J. WRIGHT, Y. WANG, and M. S. MARBER The role of differential activation of p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase in preconditioned ventricular myocytes FASEB J, November 1, 2000; 14(14): 2237 - 2246. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Q. Zhang and Z. Yao Flumazenil preconditions cardiomyocytes via oxygen radicals and KATP channels Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2000; 279(4): H1858 - H1863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Yoshida, R. M. Engelman, D. T. Engelman, J. A. Rousou, N. Maulik, M. Sato, G. T. Elliott, and D. K. Das Preconditioning of swine heart with monophosphoryl lipid A improves myocardial preservation Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 2000; 70(3): 895 - 900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. R. Morrison, R. Jones, A. M. Byford, A. R. Stell, J. Peart, J. P. Headrick, and G. P. Matherne Transgenic overexpression of cardiac A1 adenosine receptors mimics ischemic preconditioning Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2000; 279(3): H1071 - H1078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kitakaze, K. Node, H. Asanuma, S. Takashima, Y. Sakata, M. Asakura, S. Sanada, Y. Shinozaki, H. Mori, T. Kuzuya, et al. Protein Tyrosine Kinase Is Not Involved in the Infarct Size-Limiting Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning in Canine Hearts Circ. Res., August 18, 2000; 87(4): 303 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Abete, C. Calabrese, N. Ferrara, A. Cioppa, P. Pisanelli, F. Cacciatore, G. Longobardi, C. Napoli, and F. Rengo Exercise training restores ischemic preconditioning in the aging heart J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2000; 36(2): 643 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. R. Gaudette, I. B. Krukenkamp, A. E. Saltman, H. Horimoto, and S. Levitsky Preconditioning with PKC and the ATP-sensitive potassium channels: a codependent relationship Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2000; 70(2): 602 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Miki, T. Miura, A. Tsuchida, A. Nakano, T. Hasegawa, T. Fukuma, and K. Shimamoto Cardioprotective Mechanism of Ischemic Preconditioning Is Impaired by Postinfarct Ventricular Remodeling Through Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Activation Circulation, July 25, 2000; 102(4): 458 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. E. Johnston Preconditioning the Brain and Heart: Implications for Cardiac Surgery Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, July 1, 2000; 4(2): 70 - 79. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H.-L. Pan, S.-R. Chen, G. M. Scicli, and O. A. Carretero Cardiac interstitial bradykinin release during ischemia is enhanced by ischemic preconditioning Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2000; 279(1): H116 - H121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. G. Schoemaker and C. L. van Heijningen Bradykinin mediates cardiac preconditioning at a distance Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2000; 278(5): H1571 - H1576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D M Yellon and G F Baxter Protecting the ischaemic and reperfused myocardium in acute myocardial infarction: distant dream or near reality? Heart, April 1, 2000; 83(4): 381 - 387. [Full Text]

				R. D. Rakhit, R. J. Edwards, J. W. Mockridge, A. R. Baydoun, A. W. Wyatt, G. E. Mann, and M. S. Marber Nitric oxide-induced cardioprotection in cultured rat ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2000; 278(4): H1211 - H1217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. ZAHLER, C. KUPATT, and B. F. BECKER Endothelial preconditioning by transient oxidative stress reduces inflammatory responses of cultured endothelial cells to TNF-{alpha} FASEB J, March 1, 2000; 14(3): 555 - 564. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				H. T. Lee and C. W. Emala Protective effects of renal ischemic preconditioning and adenosine pretreatment: role of A1 and A3 receptors Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, March 1, 2000; 278(3): F380 - F387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ghosh, N. B Standen, and M. Galinanes Evidence for mitochondrial KATP channels as effectors of human myocardial preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2000; 45(4): 934 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Matsubara, S. Minatoguchi, H. Matsuo, K. Hayakawa, T. Segawa, Y. Matsuno, S. Watanabe, M. Arai, Y. Uno, M. Kawasaki, et al. Three minute, but not one minute, ischemia and nicorandil have a preconditioning effect in patients with coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2000; 35(2): 345 - 351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-H. Liu, X.-P. Yang, D. Mehta, M. Bulagannawar, G. M. Scicli, and O. A. Carretero Role of kinins in chronic heart failure and in the therapeutic effect of ACE inhibitors in kininogen-deficient rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2000; 278(2): H507 - H514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ghosh, N. B Standen, and M. Galinanes Preconditioning the human myocardium by simulated ischemia: studies on the early and delayed protection Cardiovasc Res, January 14, 2000; 45(2): 339 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E. Ganote and S. C. Armstrong Adenosine and preconditioning in the rat heart Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2000; 45(1): 134 - 140. [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. P. Perrault and P. Menasche Preconditioning: can nature’s shield be raised against surgical ischemic-reperfusion injury? Ann. Thorac. Surg., November 1, 1999; 68(5): 1988 - 1994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Okamura, T. Miura, H. Iwamoto, K. Shirakawa, S. Kawamura, Y. Ikeda, M. Iwatate, and M. Matsuzaki Ischemic preconditioning attenuates apoptosis through protein kinase C in rat hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 1999; 277(5): H1997 - H2001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Leesar, M. F. Stoddard, S. Manchikalapudi, and R. Bolli Bradykinin-induced preconditioning in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 1999; 34(3): 639 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. D Rakhit, R. J Edwards, and M. S Marber Nitric oxide, nitrates and ischaemic preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 1999; 43(3): 621 - 627. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. B. Anning, B. D. Prendergast, P. A. MacCarthy, A. M. Shah, D. C. Buss, and M. J. Lewis ATP is involved in myocardial and vascular effects of exogenous bradykinin in ejecting guinea pig heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 1999; 277(2): H818 - H825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-S. V. Chen, S. C. Body, and S. K. Shernan Myocardial Preconditioning: Characteristics, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, July 1, 1999; 3(2): 85 - 97. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Shigematsu, S. Ishida, D. C. Gute, and R. J. Korthuis Bradykinin prevents postischemic leukocyte adhesion and emigration and attenuates microvascular barrier disruption Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 1999; 277(1): H161 - H171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Takeo and Y. Nasa Role of energy metabolism in the preconditioned heart - a possible contribution of mitochondria Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1999; 43(1): 32 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Ping, J. Zhang, X. Cao, R. C. X. Li, D. Kong, X.-L. Tang, Y. Qiu, S. Manchikalapudi, J. A. Auchampach, R. G. Black, et al. PKC-dependent activation of p44/p42 MAPKs during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in conscious rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 1999; 276(5): H1468 - H1481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. P. Baines, G. S. Liu, M. Birincioglu, S. D. Critz, M. V. Cohen, and J. M. Downey Ischemic preconditioning depends on interaction between mitochondrial KATP channels and actin cytoskeleton Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 1999; 276(4): H1361 - H1368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Ping, H. Takano, J. Zhang, X.-L. Tang, Y. Qiu, R. C. X. Li, S. Banerjee, B. Dawn, Z. Balafonova, and R. Bolli Isoform-Selective Activation of Protein Kinase C by Nitric Oxide in the Heart of Conscious Rabbits : A Signaling Mechanism for Both Nitric Oxide–Induced and Ischemia-Induced Preconditioning Circ. Res., March 19, 1999; 84(5): 587 - 604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Hoshida, N. Yamashita, K. Kawahara, T. Kuzuya, and M. Hori Amelioration by Quinapril of Myocardial Infarction Induced by Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion in a Rabbit Model of Atherosclerosis : Possible Mechanisms Circulation, January 26, 1999; 99(3): 434 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Haruna, M. Horie, I. Kouchi, R. Nawada, K. Tsuchiya, M. Akao, H. Otani, T. Murakami, and S. Sasayama Coordinate Interaction Between ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel and Na+,K+-ATPase Modulates Ischemic Preconditioning Circulation, December 22, 1998; 98(25): 2905 - 2910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Miki, T. Miura, R. Bunger, K. Suzuki, J. Sakamoto, and K. Shimamoto Ecto-5'-nucleotidase is not required for ischemic preconditioning in rabbit myocardium in situ Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 1998; 275(4): H1329 - H1337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Schulz, H. Post, C. Vahlhaus, and G. Heusch Ischemic Preconditioning in Pigs: A Graded Phenomenon : Its Relation to Adenosine and Bradykinin Circulation, September 8, 1998; 98(10): 1022 - 1029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Weinbrenner, G. S Liu, J. M Downey, and M. V Cohen Cyclosporine A limits myocardial infarct size even when administered after onset of ischemia Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1998; 38(3): 676 - 684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Kloner, R. Bolli, E. Marban, L. Reinlib, and E. Braunwald Medical and Cellular Implications of Stunning, Hibernation, and Preconditioning : An NHLBI Workshop Circulation, May 19, 1998; 97(18): 1848 - 1867. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. R. Meldrum Tumor necrosis factor in the heart Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 1998; 274(3): R577 - R595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Miura, T. Miura, S. Kawamura, M. Goto, J. Sakamoto, A. Tsuchida, M. Matsuzaki, and K. Shimamoto Effect of protein kinase C inhibitors on cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning depends on the number of preconditioning episodes Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 1998; 37(3): 700 - 709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. R.C Dekker Toward the heart of ischemic preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 1998; 37(1): 14 - 20. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M Yellon, G. F Baxter, D. Garcia-Dorado, G. Heusch, and M. S Sumeray Ischaemic preconditioning: present position and future directions Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 1998; 37(1): 21 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Starkopf, T. V Andreasen, E. Bugge, and K. Ytrehus Lipid peroxidation, arachidonic acid and products of the lipoxygenase pathway in ischaemic preconditioning of rat heart Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 1998; 37(1): 66 - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Qiu, A. Rizvi, X.-L. Tang, S. Manchikalapudi, H. Takano, A. K. Jadoon, W.-J. Wu, and R. Bolli Nitric oxide triggers late preconditioning against myocardial infarction in conscious rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 1997; 273(6): H2931 - H2936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]